ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2024
Investigating the Effects of Sex Hormones on Macrophage Polarization.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of disrupted sleep on macrophage polarization: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies.BMC immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Transgenic Conversion of Omega-6 to Omega-3 Fatty Acids viaJOR spine · 2026Article
- Repurposing Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors as Immunomodulators: Effects on Macrophage Activation and Polarization.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Review
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- Immune Roles of Canonically Non-Immune Cells in Biomaterials Response.Cell biomaterials · 2026Article
- Adrenal Gland Macrophage-derived TGF-β Governs Vascular Permeability to Drive Monocyte Recruitment during Stress.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Aged murine bone marrow myeloid and mesenchymal cells develop unique senescence phenotypes.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- The Impact of Aging and Sex on Corneal Nerve Density and Function.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- The Role of Testosterone in Atherosclerosis: View From Cell Cultures and Animal Models.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2026Review
- Steroid hormones and nephrolithiasis: regulation of urine components metabolism and inflammation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Monocyte-derived macrophages and their roles in ischemic stroke.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Review
- Understanding the Secular Decline in Testosterone: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Clinical Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Sex in Immune Cells and Parasitic Diseases - A Complex Relationship.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- A Rare Case of Concurrent Tropheryma Whipplei and Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia in a Patient During Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- A streamlined and comprehensive protocol for the generation and multi-omic analysis of human monocyte-derived macrophages.BMC biotechnology · 2025Article
- Conditioned Medium from Estradiol-Primed Macrophages Mitigates Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Rats.Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2025Article
- Frozen Shoulder as a Systemic Immunometabolic Disorder: The Roles of Estrogen, Thyroid Dysfunction, Endothelial Health, Lifestyle, and Clinical Implications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Cell line-specific estrogen responses uncover functional sex differences in murine macrophages.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sex differences in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease are well established, but the effects of sex hormones on macrophage polarization and pro-atherogenic functions are not well described. We hypothesize that sex hormones directly modulate macrophage polarization, and thereby regulate the progression of atherosclerosis. Bone marrow-derived monocytes from adult male and female C57BL/6 mice were differentiated into macrophages using macrophage colony-stimulating factor (20 ng/mL) and pre-treated with either 17β-estradiol (100 nM), testosterone (100 nM), or a vehicle control for 24 h. Macrophages were polarized into pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes and the effects of sex hormone supplementation on the gene expression of macrophage phenotypic markers were assessed using RT-qPCR. Inflammatory markers, including IL-1β, were quantified using an addressable laser bead immunoassay. A transwell migration assay was used to determine changes in macrophage migration. Sex differences were observed in macrophage polarization, inflammatory responses, and migration. Pre-treatment with 17β-estradiol significantly impaired the gene expression of inflammatory markers and the production of IL-1β in inflammatory macrophages. In anti-inflammatory macrophages, 17β-estradiol significantly upregulated the expression of anti-inflammatory markers and enhanced migration. Pre-treatment with testosterone enhanced anti-inflammatory mRNA expression and impaired the production of IL-1β. Our observations suggest a protective role of 17β-estradiol in atherogenesis that may contribute to the sexual dimorphisms in cardiovascular disease observed in human patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.