ArticleChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Exploring the Utility of Urinary Creatinine Adjustment for KIM-1, NGAL, and Cystatin C for the Assessment of Kidney Function: Insights from the C-KidnEES Cohort.
Article in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarker for renal scarring screening in children with vesicoureteral reflux: a systematic review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Eight weeks of MitoQ supplementation does not alter kidney function or urinary kidney injury biomarkers in middle-aged and older adults.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2026Trial
- Water intake mediates cross-sectional associations between urinary kidney injury biomarkers and race in emerging adults.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2026Article
- Urinary TBARS as a Non-Invasive Proxy of Plasma Lipid Peroxidation in Essential Hypertension: A Translational Study on Vascular Oxidative-Inflammatory Burden.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hypoxia Associated Integration of Epigenetic, Metabolic, and Immune Biomarkers in Blood and Urine for Early Colorectal Cancer Detection: A Multimarker Panel.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Association Between Plasma and Urinary Reduced Thiols in Essential Hypertension: Evidence from a Paired Observational Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Nocturnal hypoxemia is associated with increased urine Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2025Article
- Hypohydration augments the acute increase in urinary biomarkers of kidney injury following the 100-mile Western States Endurance Run.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2025Article
- Hydration Status and Acute Kidney Injury Biomarkers in NCAA Female Soccer Athletes During Preseason Conditioning.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Urinary P75: a promising biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.BMJ neurology open · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Normalization of urinary biomarkers of kidney injury is a common practice in clinical and research settings to account for variations in urine concentration, and urinary creatinine is often used as a reference. However, to date, there is no consensus on the adjustment of urinary biomarkers with creatinine, and both absolute and creatinine-adjusted biomarker levels are adopted for making interpretations of kidney health. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the associations of urinary creatinine with three widely used kidney injury biomarkers, KIM-1, NGAL, and cystatin C, to validate the applicability of urinary creatinine as a reference for normalization. A cross-sectional study was performed with 2100 students, 10-18 years of age in the Children's Kidney Environmental Exposure Study (C-KidnEES) cohort established in Sri Lanka. As identified in linear regression analyses, normalization of urinary KIM-1, NGAL, and Cys-C to urinary creatinine did not result in significant under-adjustment or over-adjustment to the absolute urinary concentrations, giving no specific rationale for creatinine adjustment. Hence, absolute urinary concentrations of the above biomarkers can be adopted for the characterization of subclinical kidney injury in adolescents in community studies where early morning urine sampling is practiced. However, for spot urine samples, consideration of both absolute and creatinine-adjusted biomarker levels would be a better approach.
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