ArticleDiscover nano2024
Traceable characterization of hollow organosilica beads as potential reference materials for extracellular vesicle measurements with optical techniques.
Article in Discover nano, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Low-MESF fluorescent reference particles for flow cytometry analysis of extracellular vesicles.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Calibration of Flow Cytometers Enables Reproducible Measurements of Extracellular Vesicle Concentrations and Reference Range Establishment.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Roadblocks of Urinary EV Biomarkers: Moving Toward the Clinic.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Review
- Factors to consider before choosing EV labeling method for fluorescence-based techniques.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
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Abstract
The concentration of cell-type specific extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a promising biomarker for various diseases. However, concentrations of EVs measured by optical techniques such as flow cytometry (FCM) or particle tracking analysis (PTA) in clinical practice are incomparable. To allow reliable and comparable concentration measurements suitable reference materials (RMs) and SI-traceable (SI-International system of units) methods are required. Hollow organosilica beads (HOBs) are promising RM candidates for concentration measurements of EVs based on light scattering, as the shape, low refractive index, and number concentration of HOBs are comparable to EVs of the respective size range that can be detected with current optical instrumentation. Here, we present traceable methods for measuring the particle size distribution of four HOB types in the size range between 200 and 500 nm by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), as well as the number concentration by single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). Based on the size and shape results, traceable reference values were obtained to additionally determine the refractive index of the shell of the HOB samples by FCM. Furthermore, the estimated refractive indexes of the HOBs plausibly agree with the refractive indexes of EVs of corresponding size. Due to their narrow size distribution and their similar shape, and low refractive index, all HOB samples studied are suitable RM candidates for calibration of the measured sample volume by optical methods within the photon wavelength range used, and thus for calibration of number concentration measurements of EVs in the size range indicated. This was confirmed as the number concentration values obtained by PTA and two independent flow cytometric measurements agreed with the concentration reference values obtained by two independent spICP-MS measurements within the calculated uncertainty limits.
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Registered trials
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