ArticleBioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Validation of Automatically Quantified Swim Stroke Mechanics Using an Inertial Measurement Unit in Paralympic Athletes.
Article in Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomechanical Analysis of the Breaststroke Kick in Young Swimmers Using Wearable Inertial Sensors: An Exploratory Pilot Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Onshore human swimming motion measurement and dynamic analysis using wearable inertial sensors.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Wearable sensor data-driven sports posture recognition using the ST-GCN spatio-temporal graph convolutional network.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Associations Between the Swimming Speed, Anthropometrics, Kinematics, and Kinetics in the Butterfly Stroke.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Advances in Wearable Technologies for the In-Field Assessment of Biomechanical Risk.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Measuring the Impact of Limb Asymmetry on Movement Irregularity and Complexity Changes During an Incremental Step Test in Para-Swimmers Using Inertial Measurement Units.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Determining Validity and Reliability of an In-Field Performance Analysis System for Swimming.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Biomechanics and training load monitoring are important for performance evaluation and injury prevention in elite swimming. Monitoring of performance and swim stroke parameters is possible with inertial measurement units (IMU) but has not been validated in para-swimmers. The purpose of this study was to validate a single IMU-based system to accurately estimate pool-swam lap time, stroke count (SC), stroke duration, instantaneous stroke rate (ISR), and distance per stroke (DPS). Eight Paralympic athletes completed 4 × 50 m swims with an IMU worn on the sacrum. Strokes cycles were identified using a zero-crossing algorithm on the medio-lateral (freestyle and backstroke) or forward-backward (butterfly and breaststroke) instantaneous velocity data. Video-derived metrics were estimated using Dartfish and Kinovea. Agreement analyses, including Bland-Altman and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), were performed on all outcome variables. SC Bland-Altman bias was 0.13 strokes, and ICC was 0.97. ISR Bland-Altman biases were within 1.5 strokes/min, and ICCs ranged from 0.26 to 0.96. DPS Bland-Altman biases were within 0.20 m, and ICCs ranged from 0.39 to 0.93. A single-IMU system can provide highly valid performance and swim stroke monitoring data for elite para-swimmers for the majority of strokes, with the exception of backstroke. Future work should improve bilateral stroke detection algorithms in this population.
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