Observational studyJournal of the National Cancer Institute2024
Invasive cervical cancer incidence following bivalent human papillomavirus vaccination: a population-based observational study of age at immunization, dose, and deprivation.
Observational study in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) Advisory Committee on Vaccines and Immunization Practices (ACVIP): Recommended Immunization Schedule (2025) and Update on Immunization for Children Aged 0 Through 18 Years.Indian pediatrics · 2026Guideline
- The effectiveness of gender-neutral HPV vaccination programmes in preventing HPV-associated oral cancers: a systematic review.BMC cancer · 2026Pooled it
- Maximizing impact: the power of early HPV vaccination for long-term protection-lessons from a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programmes on community rates of HPV-related disease and harms from vaccination.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The effect of HPV vaccination on precancerous lesions and invasive cervical cancer in a low-vaccination-coverage setting in Germany: a retrospective cohort analysis.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- The Long-Term Effect of 2 and 3 Doses of Bivalent HPV Vaccination Against HPV Infections: A Comparison Between 2 Observational Cohort Studies.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Young Men's Communication Needs for the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine: A Cross-Cultural, Qualitative Analysis in Scotland, Spain, and the USA.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Analysis of Age, Period and Cohort Trends in Cervical In Situ and Invasive Carcinomas for Assessing the Utility of Screening Approaches-Results From the Saarland Cancer Registry.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Adversity as the key feature: neuroimaging profiles of subtypes from multiple depression risk factors.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Health Outcome Determinants of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Adult Women in Spain.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Sustained impact of bivalent HPV immunisation on CIN incidence over two rounds of cervical screening.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Extended follow-up of invasive cervical cancer risk after quadrivalent HPV vaccination: nationwide, register based study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2026Article
- Transitioning from Cytology to HPV Test-Based Primary Cervical Screening in Canada: A Population-Based Survey of Women's Screening and Information Preferences.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Article
- Association Between Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and the Risk of Cervical Cancer and Precancerous Lesions in Israel: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Co-Occurrence of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus and Herpesviruses Infections in Female Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Prospective One-Year Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Applicability of the levels of the socio-ecological model in the context of cervical cancer prevention: a scoping review.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- European Code Against Cancer, 5th edition - cancer-causing infections and related interventions.Molecular oncology · 2026Review
- Modelling the time to cervical cancer elimination in England: strategies for achieving elimination by 2040.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national epidemiology of cervical cancer in elderly women from 1990 to 2021 and its prediction to 2035.BMC public health · 2025Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHigh-risk human papillomavirus causes cervical cancer. Vaccines have been developed that significantly reduce the incidence of preinvasive and invasive disease. This population-based observational study used linked screening, immunization, and cancer registry data from Scotland to assess the influence of age, number of doses, and deprivation on the incidence of invasive disease following administration of the bivalent vaccine.
methodsData for women born between January 1, 1988, and June 5, 1996, were extracted from the Scottish cervical cancer screening system in July 2020 and linked to cancer registry, immunization, and deprivation data. Incidence of invasive cervical cancer per 100 000 person-years and vaccine effectiveness were correlated with vaccination status, age at vaccination, and deprivation; Kaplan Meier curves were calculated.
resultsNo cases of invasive cancer were recorded in women immunized at 12 or 13 years of age irrespective of the number of doses. Women vaccinated at 14 to 22 years of age and given 3 doses of the bivalent vaccine showed a significant reduction in incidence compared with all unvaccinated women (3.2/100 000 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.1 to 4.6] vs 8.4 [95% CI = 7.2 to 9.6]). Unadjusted incidence was significantly higher in women from most deprived (Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 1) than least deprived (Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 5) areas (10.1/100 000 [95% CI = 7.8 to 12.8] vs 3.9 [95% CI = 2.6 to 5.7]). Women from the most deprived areas showed a significant reduction in incidence following 3 doses of vaccine (13.1/100 000 [95% CI = 9.95 to 16.9] vs 2.29 [95% CI = 0.62 to 5.86]).
conclusionOur findings confirm that the bivalent vaccine prevents the development of invasive cervical cancer and that even 1 or 2 doses 1 month apart confer benefit if given at 12-13 years of age. At older ages, 3 doses are required for statistically significant vaccine effectiveness. Women from more deprived areas benefit more from vaccination than those from less deprived areas.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.