ArticleAlcohol, clinical & experimental research2024
Prevalence and correlates of 12-step and second-wave mutual-help attendance in a nationally representative US sample.
Article in Alcohol, clinical & experimental research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Adults with problematic opioid use released from jail: Mutual help groups and medication support contribute to a greater likelihood of opioid abstinence.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- A meta-review of the evidence on addiction recovery mutual help organizations.Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) · 2026Review
- How Age and Race/Ethnicity Affect the Benefits of Mutual-Help Group Involvement for People With Alcohol Use Disorders: Findings From the PAL Study Cohorts.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2026Article
- Beyond Attendance: Social Anxiety and Psychiatric Concerns Predict Mutual-Help Group Involvement in a U.S. National Longitudinal Survey.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2026Article
- Effects of participation in a large, online community for substance use disorder recovery: A naturalistic, longitudinal study.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2026Article
- Second-wave mutual-help groups: Examining effectiveness for individuals with alcohol use disorders in the longitudinal, U.S. national PAL Study cohorts.The International journal on drug policy · 2026Article
- Characterizing Collegiate Recovery Programs in the United States and Canada: A Survey of Program Directors.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2025Article
- Experiences With Online Mutual Support Groups for Problematic Drinking.Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- PROTOCOL: Mutual Help Organizations to Support Recovery Among Individuals Who Use Drugs: A Systematic Review Protocol.Campbell systematic reviews · 2025Article
- Who participates in the 'Celebrate Recovery' mutual-help organization? Results from a National US Investigation.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- A systematic qualitative study investigating why individuals attend, and what they like, dislike, and find most helpful about, smart recovery, alcoholics anonymous, both, or neither.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMutual-help organizations (MHOs) are effective community-based, recovery support options for individuals with alcohol and other drug use disorders (i.e., substance use disorder; SUD). Greater understanding of second-wave MHOs, such as SMART Recovery, can help build on existing research that has focused primarily on 12-step MHOs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, to inform scientific, practice, and policy recommendations.
methodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of the National Recovery Study, a representative sample of US adults who resolved a substance use problem (N = 1984). Using survey-weighted estimates, we examined descriptive statistics for any lifetime, weekly lifetime, and past 90-day MHO attendance; we compared rates of 12-step and second-wave MHO attendance over time by descriptively examining distributions for calendar year of the first meeting attended. We also used two logistic regression models to examine demographic, substance use, clinical, and recovery-related correlates of weekly lifetime attendance separately for 12-step (n = 692) and second-wave MHOs (n = 32).
resultsFor any attendance, 41.4% attended a 12-step MHO and 2.9% a second-wave MHO; for weekly attendance, 31.9% attended a 12-step MHO, and 1.7% a second-wave MHO. Two-thirds (64%) of initial second-wave attendance occurred between 2006 and 2017 compared to 22% of initial 12-step attendance during this time frame. Significant correlates of weekly 12-step MHO attendance included histories of SUD treatment and arrest. Significant correlates of weekly second-wave MHO attendance included Black identity (vs. White) and history of SUD medication.
conclusionsAttendance at second-wave MHOs is far less common than 12-step MHOs, but appears to be on the rise. Observed correlates of second-wave MHO attendance should be replicated in larger second-wave MHO samples before integrating these findings into best practices. Enhanced linkages from clinical and criminal justice settings to both second-wave and 12-step groups may help to "broaden the base" of MHOs.
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