ArticleChemical research in toxicology2024
Enhancement of Benzene Emissions in Special Combinations of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Liquid Mixtures.
Article in Chemical research in toxicology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Reply to Sussman et al. Comment on "Svarch-Pérez et al. Methods for a Non-Targeted Qualitative Analysis and Quantification of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of E-Liquids and Aerosols in Commercially Available Electronic Cigarettes in Mexico.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are battery-powered devices introduced to the market as safer alternatives to combustible cigarettes. Upon heating the electronic liquid (e-liquid), aerosols are released, including several toxicants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Benzene has been given great attention as a major component of the VOCs group as it increases cancer risk upon inhalation. In this study, several basic e-liquids were tested for benzene emissions. The Aerosol Lab Vaping Instrument was used to generate aerosols from ENDS composed of different e-liquid combinations: vegetable glycerin (VG), propylene glycol (PG), nicotine (nic), and benzoic acid (BA). The tested mixtures included PG, PG + nic + BA, VG, VG + nic + BA, 30/70 PG/VG, and 30/70 PG/VG + nic + BA. A carboxen polydimethylsiloxane fiber for a solid-phase microextraction was placed in a gas cell to trap benzene emitted from a Sub-Ohm Minibox C device. Benzene was adsorbed on the fiber during the puffing process and for an extra 15 min until it reached equilibrium, and then it was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Benzene was quantified in VG but not in PG or the 30/70 PG/VG mixtures. However, benzene concentration increased in all tested mixtures upon the addition of nicotine benzoate salt. Interestingly, benzene was emitted at the highest concentration when BA was added to PG. However, lower concentrations were found in the 30/70 PG/VG and VG mixtures with BA. Both VG and BA are sources of benzene. Enhanced emissions, however, are mostly noticeable when BA is mixed with PG and not VG.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.