ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
T4 apoptosis in the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection predicts long COVID.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Persistent inflammatory cytokine signature in long Covid-19 patients: a meta-analysis.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Peripheral immune progression to long COVID is associated with mitochondrial gene transcription: A meta-analysis.Mitochondrion · 2025Pooled it
- Circulating angiogenic progenitor cell apoptosis in Post-COVID-19 syndrome.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2026Article
- Investigating apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells among the elderly in the post-COVID-19 era.BMC immunology · 2025Article
- Gulf War Illness, Fibromyalgia, Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Long COVID Overlap in Common Symptoms and Underlying Biological Mechanisms: Implications for Future Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- IL-24 in COVID-19 Patients: Correlations with Disease Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Association of systemic inflammation and long-term dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: A prospective cohort.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- High frequencies of alpha common cold coronavirus/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive functional CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: As about 10% of patients with COVID-19 present sequelae, it is important to better understand the physiopathology of so-called long COVID. Method: To this aim, we recruited 29 patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection and, by Luminex Results: None of these markers was predictive for sequelae, except programmed T4 cell death. T4 lymphocytes from participants who later presented long COVID were more apoptotic in culture than those of sequelae-free participants at Month 12 (36.9 ± 14.7 vs. 24.2 ± 9.0%, p = 0.016). Conclusions: Our observation raises the hypothesis that T4 cell death during the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection might pave the way for long COVID. Mechanistically, T4 lymphopenia might favor phenomena that could cause sequelae, including SARS-CoV-2 persistence, reactivation of other viruses, autoimmunity and immune dysregulation. In this scenario, inhibiting T cell apoptosis, for instance, by caspase inhibitors, could prevent long COVID.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.