ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2023
Challenges in management of refractory pain and sedation in infants.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analgosedation in Neonatal Intensive Care: Current Strategies, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Effects of Cold and Vibration on Venipuncture Pain Management in Children Aged 2-7 Years Old: Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2025Article
- Refractory agitation in the NICU: challenges in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Current Evidence Regarding the Evaluation and Management of Neonatal Delirium.Current psychiatry reports · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The survival of preterm infants continues to improve, along with an increased in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) management of chronic infants who are medically complex infants who have prolonged hospital stays, sometimes up until 2 years of age. Despite advances in neonatal and infant care, the management of pain and sedation in chronic NICU patients continues to be a challenge. Challenges such as development of appropriate pain, sedation, and withdrawal scales along with unfamiliarity of the NICU care team with pediatric disease states and pharmacotherapy complicate management of these patients. Opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH) and delirium may play a large role in these refractory cases, yet are often not considered in the NICU population. Drug therapy interventions such as gabapentin, ketamine, risperidone, and others have limited data for safety and efficacy in this population. This article summarizes the available literature regarding the evidence for diagnosis and management of infants with refractory pain and sedation along with the challenges that clinicians face when managing these patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.