SynthesisJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2024
Corticosteroid-resistant immune-related adverse events: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prospective study of patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hepatitis; characterization of liver injury, outcome of therapy, and management of steroid-unresponsive and steroid-dependent hepatitis.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Trial
- Corticosteroid exposure, tapering, and survival in immune-related colitis: a 10-year real-world melanoma cohort.Immuno-oncology technology · 2026Article
- Pregnancy adverse events with immune checkpoint inhibitors in monotherapy and combination therapy in cancer: a disproportionality analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Pneumonitis in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Clinical Features, Mechanisms, and Lessons from Lung Cancer.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- [Advances in Radiomics for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-related Pneumonitis of Lung Cancer].Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer · 2026Review
- Rapid Progressive Liver Atrophy During Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Hepatitis: Imaging Perspectives Beyond Aminotransferase Elevation.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Evaluating the safety of Janus kinase inhibitors in the management of severe immune-related adverse events.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Autopsy-Proven Immune-Mediated Hepatitis With Rapid Liver Atrophy Despite Minimal Aminotransferase Elevation After Durvalumab Plus Tremelimumab Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Immunophenotypes and prognosis in autoimmune cardiovascular disease: a narrative review from clonal hematopoiesis to myocarditis, microvascular angina, and HFpEF.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- Pathological mechanisms and treatment strategies for immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: insights from single-cell sequencing.Basic research in cardiology · 2026Review
- Immune-Mediated Colitis Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Pathophysiology, Clinical Management, and the Emerging Role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Treatment of Steroid-Refractory Immune Checkpoint-Related Hepatitis With Ruxolitinib.ACG case reports journal · 2026Article
- Case Report: immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated aseptic meningitis in lung cancer: two cases illustrating an exclusion-based diagnosis approach and stepwise immunosuppressive treatment.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptomic insights into the immune heterogeneity of immune checkpoint inhibitors related organ toxicities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Concomitant Polyradiculoneuritis and Myocarditis With Positive Anti-Titin Antibodies: A Case Report and Literature Review.Critical care explorations · 2026Review
- Key immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated toxicities: from molecular mechanisms to clinical management.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Inflammation in hepatocellular carcinoma progression: a "Single Wick, dual interwoven strands" regulatory framework.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- ChronoimmunoTOX: A Single-Institution Retrospective Study on How the Time of Administration Impacts Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Efficacy and Toxicity in Melanoma.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Balancing act: Tapering mycophenolate mofetil in immune checkpoint inhibitor hepatitis-strategies, outcomes, and risks.World journal of gastrointestinal pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Life-threatening immune-related adverse events in the intensive care unit: a narrative review.Intensive care medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment has become an important therapeutic option for various cancer types. Although the treatment is effective, ICI can overstimulate the patient's immune system, leading to potentially severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including hepatitis, colitis, pneumonitis and myocarditis. The initial mainstay of treatments includes the administration of corticosteroids. There is little evidence how to treat steroid-resistant (sr) irAEs. It is mainly based on small case series or single case reports. This systematic review summarizes available evidence about sr-irAEs. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed. Additionally, we included European Society for Medical Oncology, Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, National Comprehensive Cancer Network and American Society of Clinical Oncology Guidelines for irAEs in our assessment. The study population of all selected publications had to include patients with cancer who developed hepatitis, colitis, pneumonitis or myocarditis during or after an immunotherapy treatment and for whom corticosteroid therapy was not sufficient. Our literature search was not restricted to any specific cancer diagnosis. Case reports were also included. There is limited data regarding life-threatening sr-irAEs of colon/liver/lung/heart and the majority of publications are single case reports. Most publications investigated sr colitis (n=26), followed by hepatitis (n=21), pneumonitis (n=17) and myocarditis (n=15). There is most data for mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to treat sr hepatitis and for infliximab, followed by vedolizumab, to treat sr colitis. Regarding sr pneumonitis there is most data for MMF and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) while data regarding infliximab are conflicting. In sr myocarditis, most evidence is available for the use of abatacept or anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) (both with or without MMF) or ruxolitinib with abatacept. This review highlights the need for prompt recognition and treatment of sr hepatitis, colitis, pneumonitis and myocarditis. Guideline recommendations for sr situations are not defined precisely. Based on our search, we recommend-as first line treatment-(1) MMF for sr hepatitis, (2) infliximab for sr colitis, followed by vedolizumab, (3) MMF and IVIG for sr pneumonitis and (4) abatacept or ATG (both with or without MMF) or ruxolitinib with abatacept for sr myocarditis. These additional immunosuppressive agents should be initiated promptly if there is no sufficient response to corticosteroids within 3 days.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.