ArticleBMJ open2024
The Brazilian COVID-19 vaccination campaign: a modelling analysis of sociodemographic factors on uptake.
Article in BMJ open, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Antigenic remodeling of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike N-terminal domain links sequence variability to structural reorganization of a neutralizing antibody supersite.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Coverage and inequalities in COVID-19 and influenza vaccination in Brazil: a nationwide cross-sectional survey.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Social environment and services at the Special Immunobiological Reference Centers: epidemiological study, Minas Gerais, 2022-2024.Epidemiologia e servicos de saude : revista do Sistema Unico de Saude do Brasil · 2026Article
- Bridging the Infodemic Equity Gap: North-South Digital Health Disparities and a Framework for Action.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Vaccination Coverage Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 in People Living on Quilombos in Brazil and Its Association With the Human Development Index and the Quality of the Health System.Journal of medical virology · 2025Observational
- Temporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetic diversity in Central Brazil reveals evolutionary shifts among variants of concern during the pandemic.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Factors related to first COVID-19 booster vaccine acceptance in Indonesia: A cross-sectional multi-center study.Narra J · 2024Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveDose shortages delayed access to COVID-19 vaccination. We aim to characterise inequality in two-dose vaccination by sociodemographic group across Brazil.
designThis is a cross-sectional study.
settingWe used data retrieved from the Brazilian Ministry of Health databases published between 17 January 2021 and 6 September 2021.
methodsWe assessed geographical inequalities in full vaccination coverage and dose by age, sex, race and socioeconomic status. We developed a Campaign Optimality Index to characterise inequality in vaccination access due to premature vaccination towards younger populations before older and vulnerable populations were fully vaccinated. Generalised linear regression was used to investigate the risk of death and hospitalisation by age group, socioeconomic status and vaccination coverage.
resultsVaccination coverage is higher in the wealthier South and Southeast. Men, people of colour and low-income groups were more likely to be only partially vaccinated due to missing or delaying a second dose. Vaccination started prematurely for age groups under 50 years which may have hindered uptake in older age groups. Vaccination coverage was associated with a lower risk of death, especially in older age groups (ORs 9.7 to 29.0, 95% CI 9. 4 to 29.9). Risk of hospitalisation was greater in areas with higher vaccination rates due to higher access to care and reporting.
conclusionsVaccination inequality persists between states, age and demographic groups despite increasing uptake. The association between hospitalisation rates and vaccination is attributed to preferential delivery to areas of greater transmission and access to healthcare.
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