Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38233024›Full record

Trial reportEuropean heart journal2024

Aerobic, resistance, or combined exercise training and cardiovascular risk profile in overweight or obese adults: the CardioRACE trial.

Duck-Chul Lee, Angelique G Brellenthin, Lorraine M Lanningham-Foster, Marian L Kohut, Yehua Li

Open access · hybridAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in European heart journal, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
45citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
45.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

45 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.

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  18. Effect of exercise and physical activity on blood pressure reduction.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Duck-Chul LeeDepartment of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, 534 Wallace Road, Ames, IA 50011, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6423-5341
Angelique G BrellenthinDepartment of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, 534 Wallace Road, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Lorraine M Lanningham-FosterDepartment of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, 534 Wallace Road, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Marian L KohutDepartment of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, 534 Wallace Road, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Yehua LiDepartment of Statistics, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
Iowa State University · USUniversity of California, Riverside · US

Funding

Comparison of the Cardiovascular Benefits of Resistance, Aerobic, and Combined Exercise (Cardio-RACE)R01HL133069 · NHLBI · IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY · PI LEE, DUCK-CHUL · 2016 to 2020
$3.4M
NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL133069
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

aimsTo determine the comparative efficacy of resistance, aerobic, and combined resistance plus aerobic exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile.

methodsThis randomized controlled trial enrolled 406 adults aged 35-70 years with overweight or obesity and elevated blood pressure. Participants were randomly assigned to resistance (n = 102), aerobic (n = 101), combined resistance plus aerobic exercise (n = 101), or no-exercise control (n = 102). All exercise participants were prescribed 1 h of time-matched supervised exercise (the combination group with 30 min of each resistance and aerobic exercise) three times per week for 1 year. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to 1 year in the standardized composite Z-score of four well-established CVD risk factors: systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, fasting glucose, and per cent body fat.

resultsAmong 406 participants (53% women), 381 (94%) completed 1-year follow-up. Compared with the control group, the composite Z-score decreased at 1 year, which indicates improved CVD risk profile, in the aerobic {mean difference, -0.15 [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.27 to -0.04]; P = .01} and combination [mean difference, -0.16 (95% CI: -0.27 to -0.04); P = .009] groups, but not in the resistance [mean difference, -0.02 (95% CI: -0.14 to 0.09); P = .69] group. Both aerobic and combination groups had greater reductions in the composite Z-score compared with the resistance group (both P = .03), and there was no difference between the aerobic and combination groups (P = .96). Regarding the four individual CVD risk factors, only per cent body fat decreased in all three exercise groups at 1 year, but systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and fasting glucose did not decrease in any exercise groups, compared with the control group.

conclusionsIn adults with overweight or obesity, aerobic exercise alone or combined resistance plus aerobic exercise, but not resistance exercise alone, improved composite CVD risk profile compared with the control.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesOverweightAdultCholesterol, LDLExerciseFemaleGlucoseHeart Disease Risk FactorsHumansMaleObesityRisk FactorsCholesterol, LDLGlucoseAerobicCardiovascular diseaseCombined exerciseObesityResistance

Identifiers

PMID38233024
PMCPMC10984570
OpenAlexW4390989018

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.