ArticleThe journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease2024
Modifiable Risk Factors for Accelerated Decline in Processing Speed: Results from Three Dutch Population Cohorts.
Article in The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cardiac Biomarkers, Subclinical Brain Vascular Changes, and Cognitive Decline: Post Hoc Analysis of the SPRINT Trial.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Trial
- Prediction of cognitive test scores: a comparison of brain structure, health, demographic, and cognitive data across adulthood.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Individual Sleep Problems Are Associated With an Accelerated Decline in Multiple Cognitive Functions in Older Adults.Journal of sleep research · 2025Article
- The double life of glucose metabolism: brain health, glycemic homeostasis, and your patients with type 2 diabetes.BMC medicine · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSeveral lifestyle, cardiovascular and psychosocial factors are associated with risk of cognitive decline and dementia. We studied the independent associations of a broad set of modifiable risk factors with decline in processing speed in three large population-based cohorts with up to 23 years of follow-up.
methodsWe used data of 9,666 participants from the Doetinchem Cohort Study, the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, and the Maastricht Aging Study. Decline in processing speed was measured with the letter digit substitution task or the alphabet coding task and modeled using quadratic latent growth curves. Associations of modifiable risk factors with level and rate of decline in processing speed were investigated by estimating associations with level of processing speed at different centering ages.
resultsLatent growth curves showed that decline in processing speed accelerated with age. Smoking, not drinking alcohol and depressive symptoms were associated with a lower level of processing speed in all cohorts. In two of the cohorts, more physical activity, drinking more than two glasses of alcohol per day, higher BMI and diabetes were associated with a lower level of processing speed. Depressive symptoms and diabetes were also associated with faster decline in processing speed.
conclusionSeveral modifiable risk factors are associated with the level of processing speed in older age, while few are also related to the rate of decline.
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