ArticleThe oncologist2024
Increased Tuberculosis Reactivation Risk in Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Based Therapy.
Article in The oncologist, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Tuberculosis Preceding Lung Cancer: A Contemporary Meta-Analysis Revealing a Critical Gap in Post-2020 Evidence.Cancers · 2026Review
- Sustained regression of a tislelizumab-reactivated tuberculous focus after short-course therapy: a case report.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Immunotherapy for Melanoma in Patients with Altered Immune Systems: Unique Challenges and Clinical Considerations.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in the setting of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: A case series.IDCases · 2026Article
- Meta-analysis of tuberculosis incidence and risk in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Review
- The incidence and risk factors of pulmonary infection complications in lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Molecular links between tuberculosis and lung cancer: pathogenesis and therapeutic challenges.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Immunotherapy for tuberculosis: current strategies and future directions.Military Medical Research · 2025Review
- Review Article: Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Era of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2025Review
- A Case of Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma Requiring Treatment Following a Positive Interferon-Gamma Release Assay Prior to Avelumab Administration.IJU case reports · 2025Article
- Cancer immunotherapy clinical trials to support urgently needed access in low- and middle-income countries: a report from the SITC global access and impact committee.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Review
- M72 Fusion Proteins in Nanocapsules Enhance BCG Efficacy Against Bovine Tuberculosis in a Mouse Model.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Reprogramming the host: Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a silent architect of the immuno-tumoral.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Tuberculosis infection following administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a real world observational study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Where lung cancer and tuberculosis intersect: recent advances.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Increased Risk of Tuberculosis Disease in Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: A Retrospective Multicenter Study.Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases · 2025Article
- Pathogen spectrum and management strategies for opportunistic infections in lung cancer in the immunotherapy era: recent advances from fungi to mycobacteria.American journal of cancer research · 2025Review
- The controversy of immune checkpoint inhibition and risk of mycobacterial infections: the need for further studies and continued discussions on this puzzling issue.Journal of thoracic disease · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveReports of tuberculosis (TB) during anticancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasing. However, it is not clear whether the use of ICIs is a significant risk factor for TB, including reactivation or latent TB infection (LTBI).
methodsTo determine the risk of TB reactivation in patients with lung cancer who use ICIs or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), we conducted a retrospective study using a hospital-based cancer registry. In addition, we monitored patients with cancer using ICI or TKI in a multicenter prospective study to check the incidence of LTBI.
resultsIn the retrospective study, several demographic factors were imbalanced between the ICI and TKI groups: the ICI group was younger, had more males, exhibited more squamous cell carcinoma in histology rather than adenocarcinoma, had fewer EGFR mutations, and received more chemotherapy. Propensity score matching was used to control for confounding factors, and we found that the incidence of TB was higher among patients with lung cancer who received ICIs than among those who received TKIs (2298 vs 412 per 100 000 person-years, P = .0165). Through multivariable analysis, group (ICI vs TKI) was the independent risk factor for TB development (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 6.29, 95% CI, 1.23-32.09, P = .0269). In the prospective cohort, which included 72 patients receiving ICIs and 50 receiving TKIs, we found that the incidence of positive seroconversion of LTBI by interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) was significantly higher in patients receiving ICIs (18% vs 0%, aHR: 9.88, P = 0.035) under multivariable Cox regression.
conclusionThe use of ICIs may be linked to a higher likelihood of TB reactivation and LTBI than individuals solely receiving TKIs as anticancer therapy. Consequently, the implementation of a screening program for TB reactivation and LTBI among patients undergoing ICI treatment could prove advantageous by enabling early detection and prompt treatment of the infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.