Insights into the functional role of Actinomycetia in promoting plant growth and biocontrol in tea (Camellia sinensis) plants.

Tea, a highly aromatic and globally consumed beverage, is derived from the aqueous infusion of dried leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Northeast India, encompassing an expansive geographical area between 24° and 27° N latitude and 88° and 95° E longitude, is a significant tea-producing region covering approximately 312,210 hectares. Despite its prominence, this region faces persistent challenges owing to a conducive climate that harbors the prevalence of pests, fungal pathogens, and weeds, necessitating agrochemicals. Helopeltis theivora, Oligonychus coffeae, and Biston suppressaria are prominent among the tea pests in this region. Concurrently, tea plants encounter fungal infections such as blister blight, brown root rot, and Fusarium dieback. The growing demand for safer tea production and the need to reduce pesticide and fertilizer usage has spurred interest in exploring biological control methods. This review focuses on Actinomycetia, which potentially safeguards plants from diseases and pest infestations by producing many bioactive substances. Actinomycetia, which resides in the tea rhizosphere and internal plant tissues, can produce antagonistic secondary metabolites and extracellular enzymes while promoting plant growth. Harnessing the biocontrol potential of Actinomycetia offers a promising solution to enhance tea production, while minimizing reliance on harmful agrochemicals, contributing to a more environmentally conscious and economically viable tea cultivation system.