ArticleiScience2024
SARS-CoV-2 antigen-carrying extracellular vesicles activate T cell responses in a human immunogenicity model.
Article in iScience, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Natural killer cell-derived extracellular vesicles reprogram cellular human immunity to enhance tumor cytotoxicity.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Microfluidic Platforms for Exosome Engineering: Scalable Therapeutics for Cancer Immunotherapy and Infectious Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles: emerging players in antimicrobial resistance and clinical translation.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- An Optimized Positive Staining Protocol Method for Clear Visualization of Extracellular Vesicles by TEM Using Uranyless and Lead Citrate.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles as vaccine platforms: emerging opportunities for malaria.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles as new-age vaccine carriers: a focused account on viral diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Flow cytometry for extracellular vesicle characterization in COVID-19 and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are entering the clinical arena as novel biologics for infectious diseases, potentially serving as the immunogenic components of next generation vaccines. However, relevant human assays to evaluate the immunogenicity of EVs carrying viral antigens are lacking, contributing to challenges in translating rodent studies to human clinical trials. Here, we engineered EVs to carry SARS-CoV-2 Spike to evaluate the immunogenicity of antigen-carrying EVs using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Delivery of Spike EVs to PBMCs resulted in specific immune cell activation as assessed through T cell activation marker expression. Further, Spike EVs were taken up largely by antigen-presenting cells (monocytes, dendritic cells and B cells). Taken together, this human PBMC-based system models physiologically relevant pathways of antigen delivery, uptake and presentation. In summary, the current study highlights the suitability of using human PBMCs for evaluating the immunogenicity of EVs engineered to carry antigens for infectious disease therapeutics.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.