ReviewEuropean journal of medical research2024
The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicity.
Review in European journal of medical research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Forensic Perspective of Unintentional Doping, Cardiovascular Health, and the Role of Nutrition in Competitive Sports.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Entomological consequences and toxicological detection of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) in necrophagous larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae).International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- 4F-MDMB-BICA toxicity: a fatal case and literature review of synthetic cannabinoid fatalities.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2026Review
- Study on Phase I Metabolic Processes and Metabolite Biomarker Identification of Synthetic Cannabinoids 5F-ADB-PINACA and 5F-ADBICA in Human Liver Microsomes and Zebrafish Model.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- ComparativeFrontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Abuse Potential and Neurotoxic Effects of the Synthetic Cannabinoid 4F-ABUTINACA Self-Administration in Adult Male Rats.Addiction biology · 2026Article
- Synthetic Cannabinoid AB-FUBINACA Negatively Impacted the Male Fertility and Induced Testicular Toxicity.Forensic toxicology · 2026Article
- Psychoactive Substances: Analytical Strategies for the Identification of Designer Drugs in Forensic and Clinical Contexts.Addiction & health · 2026Review
- Association of cannabis use disorder with postoperative complications following panniculectomy: a multicenter propensity-matched analysis.BMC plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2026Article
- Cytotoxic Effects of the Synthetic Cannabinoid, 5F-MDMB-PICA on Human Glioblastoma U87-MG Cells.International journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- A Meta-Narrative Review of Channelopathies and Cannabis: Mechanistic, Epidemiologic, and Forensic Insights into Arrhythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Synthetic cannabinoid use among noninstitutionalized individuals in the United States, 2021-2023.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Synthetic Cannabinoids in Sierra Leone: Understanding the Use of 'Kush' Among Youths and Its Socioeconomic Impact in Sierra Leone and Sub-Region.Public health challenges · 2025Article
- NMR Spectroscopic Reference Data of Synthetic Cannabinoids Sold on the Internet.Magnetic resonance in chemistry : MRC · 2025Article
- New Insights Into the Neural Consequences of Synthetic Cannabinoids During Adolescence: The Critical Role of Reelin at Prefrontal Synapses.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- Clinical and Public Health Challenge of Handling Synthetic Cathinone and Cannabinoid Abuse in Pediatric Care: A Narrative Review.Pediatric reports · 2025Review
- Cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of cytochrome P450 metabolic activity-a review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- In vivo assessment of the nephrotoxic effects of the synthetic cannabinoid AB-FUBINACA.Forensic toxicology · 2025Article
- Review
- Third-Generation Therapies for the Management of Psychoactive Substance Use in Young People: Scoping Review.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are chemically classified as psychoactive substances that target the endocannabinoid system in many body organs. SCs can initiate pathophysiological changes in many tissues which can be severe enough to damage the normal functionality of our body systems. The majority of SCs-related side effects are mediated by activating Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1R) and Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2R). The activation of these receptors can enkindle many downstream signalling pathways, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis that ultimately can produce deleterious changes in many organs. Besides activating the cannabinoid receptors, SCs can act on non-cannabinoid targets, such as the orphan G protein receptors GPR55 and GPR18, the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors (PPARs), and the Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), which are broadly expressed in the brain and the heart and their activation mediates many pharmacological effects of SCs. In this review, we shed light on the multisystem complications found in SCs abusers, particularly discussing their neurologic, cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic effects, as well as highlighting the mechanisms that intermediate SCs-related pharmacological and toxicological consequences to provide comprehensive understanding of their short and long-term systemic effects.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.