ArticlePopulation, space and place2024
Explaining the urban-rural gradient in later fertility in Europe.
Article in Population, space and place, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Thinking Through Parenthood: The Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Personality.Scandinavian journal of psychology · 2026Article
- The spatial distribution of the U.S. childfree population: Does state context matter?PloS one · 2026Article
- Factors influencing delayed lactogenesis II among advanced-age women following cesarean section: a retrospective analysis and predictive model development.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Multidimensional Scale of Motives for Postponing Parenthood (MSMPP-18): Development, factorial structure and psychometric properties.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Diffusion of Late Fertility Across European Regions (2006-2018).Population, space and place · 2025Article
- Second birth intentions and its influencing factors among reproductive-aged women: a cross-sectional study conducted in Shandong Province, China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Demographic research shows that, in Europe, fertility takes place later and is lower in cities than in rural areas. One might expect fertility to be delayed in urban areas because of longer periods in education and enhanced career opportunities. We, therefore, examine how prevalent later fertility (35+ and 40+) is along the urban-rural axis, and whether differences can be explained by economic, cultural and compositional factors. We estimate multilevel random coefficient models, employing aggregated Eurostat data of 1328 Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques (NUTS) 3 and 270 NUTS 2 regions from 28 European countries. The urban-rural gradient in later fertility considerably diminishes once factors describing the economic environment, family and gender norms as well as population composition are accounted for. The higher prevalence of later fertility in cities is particularly associated with higher female education, greater wealth and a higher share of employment in high-technology sectors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.