ArticleScientific reports2024
Measurement of IFN-γ and IL-2 for the assessment of the cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Scientific reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Design and immunogenicity evaluation of pan-recombinant vaccines based on the consensus sequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 spike protein.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Two-Year Follow-Up of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Healthcare Professionals.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Infant CD4 T-Cell Response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Is Restricted in Cytokine Production and Modified by Vaccine Manufacturer.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- A single-dose mRNA vaccine encoding the classical swine fever virus E2-ECD induces durable protective immunity in rabbits.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Bacteriome Signature in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients Correlates with Increased Gut Permeability and Systemic Inflammatory Cytokines.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Enhancing the tumoricidal efficacy of the nanobubbles-mediated PD-L1 inhibition and immunogenic cell death in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Humoral and cellular immune response to AZD1222 /Covishield and BV152/Covaxin COVID-19 vaccines among adults in India.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Immune Response Dynamics and Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The study of specific T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 is important for understanding long-term immunity and infection management. The aim of this study was to assess the dual IFN-γ and IL-2 detection, using a SARS-CoV-2 specific fluorescence ELISPOT, in patients undergoing acute disease, during convalescence, and after vaccination. We also evaluated humoral response and compared with T-cells with the aim of correlating both types of responses, and increase the number of specific response detection. Blood samples were drawn from acute COVID-19 patients and convalescent individuals classified according to disease severity; and from unvaccinated and vaccinated uninfected individuals. IgGs against Spike and nucleocapsid, IgMs against nucleocapsid, and neutralizing antibodies were also analyzed. Our results show that IFN-γ in combination with IL-2 increases response detection in acute and convalescent individuals (p = 0.023). In addition, IFN-γ detection can be a useful biomarker for monitoring severe acute patients, as our results indicate that those individuals with a poor outcome have lower levels of this cytokine. In some cases, the lack of cellular immunity is compensated by antibodies, confirming the role of both types of immune responses in infection, and confirming that their dual detection can increase the number of specific response detections. In summary, IFN-γ/IL-2 dual detection is promising for characterizing and assessing the immunization status, and helping in the patient management.
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