ArticleScientific reports2024
Multi-site benchmark classification of major depressive disorder using machine learning on cortical and subcortical measures.
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Article in Scientific reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Breaking the norm: population-scale deviations of brain structure in depression and anxiety.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Depression in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Neurobiological Convergence and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.Biology · 2026Review
- Brain morphology in Anorexia Nervosa and its subtypes: A multi-cohort study of individual participant data.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Deep learning-based differential diagnosis of major depression and bipolar disorder using microglia-cellular sensors and patient-derived small extracellular vesicles.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Classification of major depressive disorder using vertex-wise brain sulcal depth, curvature, and thickness with a deep and a shallow learning model.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Applying machine-learning and deep-learning to predict depression from brain MRI and identify depression-related brain biology.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Can we predict sleep health based on brain features? A large-scale machine learning study using the UK Biobank.Brain communications · 2026Article
- The neuroimaging correlates of depression established across six large-scale population datasets.Nature. Mental health · 2026Article
- Extracting interpretable signatures of whole-brain dynamics through systematic comparison.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Amygdala connectivity is associated with withdrawn/depressed behavior in a large sample of children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®.Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging · 2024Article
- Neuroanatomical dimensions in medication-free individuals with major depressive disorder and treatment response to SSRI antidepressant medications or placebo.Nature. Mental health · 2024Article
- Systematic Review: White Matter Microstructural Organization in Adolescents With Depression.JAACAP open · 2023Article
- AI-based dimensional neuroimaging system for characterizing heterogeneity in brain structure and function in major depressive disorder: COORDINATE-MDD consortium design and rationale.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
66 authors.
Vladimir BelovLaboratory of Systems Neuroscience and Imaging in Psychiatry (SNIP-Lab), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
Tracy Erwin-GrabnerLaboratory of Systems Neuroscience and Imaging in Psychiatry (SNIP-Lab), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
Moji AghajaniDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Andre AlemanDepartment of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Alyssa R AmodDepartment of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Zeynep BasgozeDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Francesco BenedettiDivision of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-4949-856X
Bianca BesteherDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
Robin BülowInstitute for Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Christopher R K ChingImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
Colm G ConnollyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
Kathryn CullenDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9631-3770
Christopher G DaveyMelbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
Danai DimaDepartment of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK.
Annemiek DolsDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Jennifer W EvansExperimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute for Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Cynthia H Y FuSchool of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK.
Ali Saffet GonulSoCAT Lab, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
Ian H GotlibDepartment of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3622-3199
Hans J GrabeDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Nynke GroenewoldDepartment of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
J Paul HamiltonCenter for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0001-7982-4659
Ben J HarrisonMelbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
Tiffany C HoDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Benson MwangiLouis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
Natalia JaworskaDepartment of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Neda JahanshadImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
Bonnie Klimes-DouganDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Sheri-Michelle KoopowitzDepartment of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Thomas LancasterCardiff University Brain Research Imaging Center, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-1322-2449
Meng LiDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
David E J LindenCardiff University Brain Research Imaging Center, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-5638-9292
Frank P MacMasterDepartments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
David M A MehlerCardiff University Brain Research Imaging Center, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
Elisa MelloniDivision of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Bryon A MuellerDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2429-0391
Amar OjhaCenter for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Mardien L OudegaDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Brenda W J H PenninxDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Sara PolettiDivision of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-9594-0246
Edith Pomarol-ClotetFIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Maria J PortellaSant Pau Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca de L'Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Elena PozziCentre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
Liesbeth RenemanDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Matthew D SacchetMeditation Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Philipp G SämannMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
Anouk SchranteeDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Kang SimWest Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0003-3209-9626
Jair C SoaresCenter Of Excellence On Mood Disorders, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
Dan J SteinSA MRC Research Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0001-7218-7810
Sophia I ThomopoulosImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
Aslihan Uyar-DemirSoCAT Lab, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
Nic J A van der WeeLeiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Steven J A van der WerffLeiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry VölzkeInstitute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Sarah WhittleMelbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Katharina WittfeldDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4383-5043
Margaret J WrightQueensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Mon-Ju WuLouis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
Tony T YangDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Carlos ZarateSection on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Dick J VeltmanDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Lianne SchmaalCentre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-9822-048X
Paul M ThompsonImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
Roberto Goya-MaldonadoLaboratory of Systems Neuroscience and Imaging in Psychiatry (SNIP-Lab), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. roberto.goya@med.uni-goettingen.de.
ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder working group
Funding
Tumor Evolution and Metastasis ProgramP30CA016672 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF TX MD ANDERSON CAN CTR · PI Fabien Delerue · 1985 to 2026
$290.8MGlutamatergic Modulators for Rapid & Sustained Antidepressant EffectZIAMH002857 · NIMH · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH · PI ZARATE, CARLOS · 2009 to 2025
$55.0MZOOMED FUNCT IMAGING IN HUMAN BRAIN AT 7T W/ SIMULT HIGH SPATIAL &TEMPORAL RESP41RR008079 · NCRR · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA TWIN CITIES · PI VAUGHAN, JOHN T · 1993 to 2011
$16.3MTraining U54EB020403 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI THOMPSON, PAUL M · 2014 to 2018
$10.1MPsychobiological Mechanisms Underlying the Association Between Early Life Stress and Depression Across AdolescenceR37MH101495 · NIMH · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI IAN H GOTLIB · 2018 to 2026
$6.6MNeuroimmune Mechanisms of Recovery from Comorbid Depression and Chronic PainR01NS073939 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF TX MD ANDERSON CAN CTR · PI DANTZER, ROBERT, HEIJNEN, COBI J · 2011 to 2020
$4.0MThe Metabolic Basis of Cancer-Related FatigueR01CA193522 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF TX MD ANDERSON CAN CTR · PI DANTZER, ROBERT · 2015 to 2023
$3.8MA Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Functional MRI Study of Adolescent DepressionR01MH085734 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI YANG, TONY TUNG-I · 2010 to 2014
$2.7MGenetic influences on the brain: A twin imaging studyR01HD050735 · NICHD · QUEENSLAND INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH · PI WRIGHT, MARGARET JANE · 2007 to 2011
$2.6MENIGMA-SD: Understanding Sex Differences in Global Mental Health through ENIGMAR01MH116147 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI THOMPSON, PAUL M · 2018 to 2021
$2.5MNeurobiologically-Based Subtyping of Multi-Cohort Samples with MDD and PTSD SymptomsR01MH129832 · NIMH · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI MOREY, RAJENDRA A, SCHMAAL, LIANNE · 2022 to 2025
$2.3MA global alliance to unlock brain mechanisms influencing suicidal behaviors through the ENIGMA ConsortiumR01MH117601 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI JAHANSHAD, NEDA, SCHMAAL, LIANNE · 2018 to 2021
$1.5MIntramural NIH HHS ZIA MH002857Medical Research Council G0802594Medical Research Council MR/L010305/1NCI NIH HHS P30 CA016672NCI NIH HHS R01 CA193522NCRR NIH HHS P41 RR008079NIBIB NIH HHS U54 EB020403NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD050735NIMH NIH HHS K01 MH117442NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH090421NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH085734NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH116147NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH117601NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH129832NIMH NIH HHS R37 MH101495NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS073939
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) techniques have gained popularity in the neuroimaging field due to their potential for classifying neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the diagnostic predictive power of the existing algorithms has been limited by small sample sizes, lack of representativeness, data leakage, and/or overfitting. Here, we overcome these limitations with the largest multi-site sample size to date (N = 5365) to provide a generalizable ML classification benchmark of major depressive disorder (MDD) using shallow linear and non-linear models. Leveraging brain measures from standardized ENIGMA analysis pipelines in FreeSurfer, we were able to classify MDD versus healthy controls (HC) with a balanced accuracy of around 62%. But after harmonizing the data, e.g., using ComBat, the balanced accuracy dropped to approximately 52%. Accuracy results close to random chance levels were also observed in stratified groups according to age of onset, antidepressant use, number of episodes and sex. Future studies incorporating higher dimensional brain imaging/phenotype features, and/or using more advanced machine and deep learning methods may yield more encouraging prospects.
Indexed as
Major Depressive DisorderBenchmarkingBrainHumansMachine LearningMagnetic Resonance ImagingNeuroimaging
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