Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38211583›Full record

ArticleCell host & microbe2024

Post-pandemic memory T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 is durable, broadly targeted, and cross-reactive to the hypermutated BA.2.86 variant.

Rofhiwa Nesamari, Millicent A Omondi, Richard Baguma, Maxine A Höft, Amkele Ngomti, Anathi A Nkayi, Asiphe S Besethi, Siyabulela F J Magugu, Paballo Mosala, Avril Walters and 10 more

Open access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Cell host & microbe, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
44citing papers in PubMed
23.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

44 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
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  6. Serial vaccination expands and refines human CD4bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
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  11. Cellular Immunological Memory T Cells andDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Predicting SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Rofhiwa NesamariInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Millicent A OmondiInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Richard BagumaInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Maxine A HöftInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Amkele NgomtiInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Anathi A NkayiInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Asiphe S BesethiInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Siyabulela F J MaguguInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Paballo MosalaInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Avril WaltersInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Gesina M ClarkInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Mathilda MennenDepartment of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit on Intersection of Non-communicable Disease and Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Sango SkelemDepartment of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit on Intersection of Non-communicable Disease and Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Marguerite AdriaanseDepartment of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit on Intersection of Non-communicable Disease and Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Alba GrifoniCenter for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Alessandro SetteCenter for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA.
Roanne S KeetonInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Ntobeko A B NtusiInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit on Intersection of Non-communicable Disease and Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Catherine RiouInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: cr.riou@uct.ac.za.
Wendy A BurgersInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: wendy.burgers@uct.ac.za.
University of Cape Town · ZASouth African Medical Research Council · ZALa Jolla Institute for Immunology · US

Funding

NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response: Universal Influenza Vaccine Research Activities75N93021C00016 · NIAID · ST. JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL · PI WEBBY, RICHARD · 2021 to 2025
$91.4M
Large Scale T Cell Epitope Discovery:Global identification of epitopes derived from Zika (ZIKV), Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses following natural infection and vaccination75N93019C00065 · NIAID · LA JOLLA INSTITUTE FOR IMMUNOLOGY · PI MITCHELL, MAYA · 2019 to 2023
$7.3M
HIV-associated Tuberculosis Training Program (HATTP)D43TW010559 · FIC · UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN · PI Graeme Ayton Meintjes · 2017 to 2026
$3.0M
FIC NIH HHS D43 TW010559NIAID NIH HHS 75N93019C00065NIAID NIH HHS 75N93021C00016Wellcome Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) evolution has given rise to recombinant Omicron lineages that dominate globally (XBB.1), as well as the emergence of hypermutated variants (BA.2.86). In this context, durable and cross-reactive T cell immune memory is critical for continued protection against severe COVID-19. We examined T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 approximately 1.5 years since Omicron first emerged. We describe sustained CD4+ and CD8+ spike-specific T cell memory responses in healthcare workers in South Africa (n = 39) who were vaccinated and experienced at least one SARS-CoV-2 infection. Spike-specific T cells are highly cross-reactive with all Omicron variants tested, including BA.2.86. Abundant nucleocapsid and membrane-specific T cells are detectable in most participants. The bulk of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses have an early-differentiated phenotype, explaining their persistent nature. Overall, hybrid immunity leads to the accumulation of spike and non-spike T cells evident 3.5 years after the start of the pandemic, with preserved recognition of highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Indexed as

COVID-19SARS-CoV-2HumansMemory T CellsPandemicsSpike Glycoprotein, CoronavirusSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2BA.2.86 sub-lineagecross-reactivitySARS-CoV-2T cell responseT cell sustainability

Identifiers

PMID38211583
PMCPMC10901529
OpenAlexW4390705218

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.