SynthesisPloS one2024
Electromyographic biofeedback therapy for improving limb function after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Volitional modulation of beta-band EMG coherence through frequency-specific neurofeedback.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Combined therapy with contralateral controlled functional electrical stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation for early post-stroke hand dysfunction.Biomedical engineering online · 2025Trial
- Effect of Combined Visual Biofeedback and Metronome on Gait Reciprocity in Patients with Ischemic Stroke: A Pilot Study.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Cortical mapping of real-time ultrasound-imaging visual feedback for ankle dorsiflexion in patients after stroke: a fNIRS study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Biofeedback Training in Inpatient Mental Health Facilities: A Scoping Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Pathophysiology and Management Strategies for Post-Stroke Spasticity: An Update Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Association of upper limb motor function with muscle tone changes and quality of life in the subacute phase after stroke: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundUpper and lower limb impairment is common after stroke. Electromyographic biofeedback therapy is a non-invasive treatment, and its effectiveness in functional rehabilitation of the limb after stroke still remains uncertain.
objectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate whether electromyographic biofeedback can improve upper and lower limb dysfunction in stroke patients.
methodsPubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) were searched from inception to 1st May 2022. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled clinical trials of electromyographic biofeedback therapy interventions reporting changes in upper and lower limb function in post-stroke patients. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers and pooled in random-effects models using Review manager (RevMan) software.
resultsOur analyses included 10 studies enrolling a total of 303 participants. Electromyographic biofeedback therapy can effectively improve limb function after stroke (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.77; P = 0.008) and in subgroup analyses, the effect sizes of short-term effect (SMD, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.02-0.64; P = 0.04) was significant, but the long-term was not (SMD, 0.61; 95% CI, -0.11-1.33; P = 0.10). In addition, Electromyographic biofeedback therapy can improve the active range of motion of shoulder (SMD, 1.49; 95% CI, 2.22; P<0.0001) and wrist joints (SMD, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.13-1.42; P = 0.02) after stroke.
conclusionIn this meta-analysis, electromyographic biofeedback therapy intervention can improve upper and lower limb function in patients with stroke. Short-term (less than one month) improvement after electromyographic biofeedback therapy was supported, while evidence for long-term (more than one month) benefits was lacking. Range of motion in the glenohumeral and wrist joints were improved. Stronger evidence for individualized parameters, such as optimal treatment parameters and intervention period, is needed in the future. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?recordID=267596], identifier [CRD42022354363].
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.