ArticlePLoS biology2024
Retinoic acid signaling regulates spatiotemporal specification of human green and red cones.
Article in PLoS biology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- An NR2F1-dependent retinoic acid network controls retinal specialization in mice and reveals foveal hypoplasia in patients with BBSOAS.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Retinoic acid in health and disease.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- The human THRB thyroid hormone receptor gene and the puzzle of retinal disease phenotypes.Developmental biology · 2026Review
- Genome-wide association and multi-omics functional screens reveal the genetic architecture of foveal development.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Retinoic acid drives cell fate specification, maturation and retinal regionality in human retinal organoids.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The hourglass of high acuity vision: Cone plasticity at the intersection of time and space shapes the foveola.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- A potential cis-regulatory element regulates differential expression of long wavelength-sensitive opsins in zebrafish.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A cell fate specification and transition mechanism for human foveolar cone subtype patterning.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- DIO3 coordinates photoreceptor development timing and fate stability in human retinal organoids.Genes & development · 2026Article
- Tbx genes influence early gene expression and photoreceptor patterning in the chick retina.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Human macula formation involves two waves of retinoic acid suppression via CYP26A1 that modulate cell cycle exit and cone subtype specification.Stem cell reports · 2025Article
- Thyroid hormone receptor beta-2 (TRβ2) overexpression modulates photoreceptor phenotype diversity in a ligand-dependent manner.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Article
- Early retinoic acid signaling organizes the body axis and defines domains for the forelimb and eye.Current topics in developmental biology · 2025Review
- Cell-cell interactions between transplanted retinal organoid cells and recipient tissues.Current opinion in genetics & development · 2024Review
- Single cell dual-omic atlas of the human developing retina.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Trichromacy is unique to primates among placental mammals, enabled by blue (short/S), green (medium/M), and red (long/L) cones. In humans, great apes, and Old World monkeys, cones make a poorly understood choice between M and L cone subtype fates. To determine mechanisms specifying M and L cones, we developed an approach to visualize expression of the highly similar M- and L-opsin mRNAs. M-opsin was observed before L-opsin expression during early human eye development, suggesting that M cones are generated before L cones. In adult human tissue, the early-developing central retina contained a mix of M and L cones compared to the late-developing peripheral region, which contained a high proportion of L cones. Retinoic acid (RA)-synthesizing enzymes are highly expressed early in retinal development. High RA signaling early was sufficient to promote M cone fate and suppress L cone fate in retinal organoids. Across a human population sample, natural variation in the ratios of M and L cone subtypes was associated with a noncoding polymorphism in the NR2F2 gene, a mediator of RA signaling. Our data suggest that RA promotes M cone fate early in development to generate the pattern of M and L cones across the human retina.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.