ArticleJMIR public health and surveillance2024
Global, Regional, and National Burden of Myocarditis in 204 Countries and Territories From 1990 to 2019: Updated Systematic Analysis.
Article in JMIR public health and surveillance, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Machine learning for myocarditis diagnosis using cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a systematic review, diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis, and comparison with human physicians.The international journal of cardiovascular imaging · 2025Pooled it
- Antiviral innate immunity in myocarditis: mechanisms and emerging therapeutics.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- The trends of congenital heart defects burden in BRICS-plus from 1990 to 2021 and its projection to 2035.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Observational
- Article
- Global, regional and national uterine fibroid burdens from 1990 to 2021 and projections until 2050: results from the GBD study.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- cfDNA methylation detection as potential liquid biopsy of multiple organ injury in myocarditis patients.Clinical epigenetics · 2025Article
- A Narrative Overview of Fatal Myocarditis in Infant with Focus on Sudden Unexpected Death and Forensic Implications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Global, regional, and national trends for childhood myocarditis from 1990 to 2021: health inequality and age-period-cohort analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of myocarditis and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021: updated systematic analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Global burden and cross-national inequalities of tobacco-attributable cancers in adults aged 40 and above, 1990-2021: a population-based study.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMyocarditis is characterized by high disability and mortality, and imposes a severe burden on population health globally. However, the latest global magnitude and secular trend of myocarditis burden have not been reported.
objectiveThis study aimed to delineate the epidemiological characteristics of myocarditis burden globally for optimizing targeted prevention and research.
methodsBased on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, the myocarditis burden from 1990 to 2019 was modeled using the Cause of Death Ensemble tool, DisMod-MR, and spatiotemporal Gaussian regression. We depicted the epidemiology and trends of myocarditis by sex, age, year, region, and sociodemographic index (SDI). R program version 4.2.1 (R Project for Statistical Computing) was applied for all statistical analyses, and a 2-sided P-value of <.05 was considered statistically significant.
resultsThe number of incident cases (1,268,000) and deaths (32,450) associated with myocarditis in 2019 increased by over 1.6 times compared with the values in 1990 globally. On the other hand, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) decreased slightly from 1990 to 2019. The disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) decreased slightly in the past 3 decades, while the age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) decreased greatly from 18.29 per 100,000 person-years in 1990 to 12.81 per 100,000 person-years in 2019. High SDI regions always showed a more significant ASIR. The ASIR slightly decreased in all SDI regions between 1990 and 2019. Middle SDI regions had the highest ASMR and ASDR in 2019. Low SDI regions had the lowest ASMR and ASDR in 2019. The age-standardized rates (ASRs) of myocarditis were higher among males than among females from 1990 to 2019 globally. All ASRs among both sexes had a downward trend, except for the ASMR among males, which showed a stable trend, and females had a more significant decrease in the ASDR than males. Senior citizens had high incident cases and deaths among both sexes in 2019. The peak numbers of DALYs for both sexes were noted in the under 1 age group in 2019. At the national level, the estimated annual percentage changes in the ASRs had significant negative correlations with the baseline ASRs in 1990.
conclusionsGlobally, the number of incident cases and deaths associated with myocarditis have increased significantly. On the other hand, the ASRs of myocarditis showed decreasing trends from 1990 to 2019. Males consistently showed higher ASRs of myocarditis than females from 1990 to 2019 globally. Senior citizens gradually predominated in terms of myocarditis burden. Policymakers should establish targeted control strategies based on gender, region, age, and SDI; strengthen aging-related health research; and take notice of the changes in the epidemic characteristics of myocarditis.
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