ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2023
The Role of the Toll-like Receptor 2 and the cGAS-STING Pathways in Breast Cancer: Friends or Foes?
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Neuroimmune Duality of CD4⁺ T Cells: Drivers of Damage and Repair in the Brain.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- cGAS-STING pathway activation drives the cold-to-hot tumor transition and sensitizes immunotherapy.Cancer biology & medicine · 2026Review
- The Role of Selected Bacteria in Breast Cancer Initiation and Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The cGAS-STING pathway in tumor immunity: dual roles, regulatory mechanisms, and precision therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- The intratumoral microbiome in breast cancer: an actionable component of the tumor immune microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Microbiota-driven metabolic-immune crosstalk in breast cancer.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Dual-Action Theranostic Nanoparticles Delivering Toll-Like Receptor 2 Inhibitors and Chemotherapy Target Breast Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
- Exploring Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Osteosarcoma by Revisiting the Immune and Cancer-Intrinsic Hallmarks of Cancer.Cancers · 2025Review
- Liquid‒liquid phase separation: a potentially fundamental mechanism of sepsis.Cell death discovery · 2025Review
- Intratumoral Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Innate immunity in tumors: roles and therapeutic targets.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Dual regulation of the cGAS-STING pathway: new targets and challenges for subtype-specific immunotherapy in breast cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Tug of war: innate immunity and herpes simplex keratitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Breast cancer stands as a primary malignancy among women, ranking second in global cancer-related deaths. Despite treatment advancements, many patients progress to metastatic stages, posing a significant therapeutic challenge. Current therapies primarily target cancer cells, overlooking their intricate interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME) that fuel progression and treatment resistance. Dysregulated innate immunity in breast cancer triggers chronic inflammation, fostering cancer development and therapy resistance. Innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have emerged as crucial regulators of the immune response as well as of several immune-mediated or cancer cell-intrinsic mechanisms that either inhibit or promote tumor progression. In particular, several studies showed that the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathways play a central role in breast cancer progression. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the role of TLR2 and STING in breast cancer, and we explore the potential to target these PRRs for drug development. This information will significantly impact the scientific discussion on the use of PRR agonists or inhibitors in cancer therapy, opening up new and promising avenues for breast cancer treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.