ReviewNutrients2023
Are Phe-Free Protein Substitutes Available in Italy for Infants with PKU All the Same?
Review in Nutrients, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Milk Feeding in Inherited Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review of Growth, Metabolic Control, and Neurodevelopment Outcomes.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2025Pooled it
- Comparative Analysis of Dietary Patterns in Children With Phenylketonuria Phenotypes and Controls: Implications for Nutritional Status.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2026Article
- The First 1000 Days of PKU: A Narrative Review of Maternal PKU and Early Life Management After Positive Newborn Screening.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Celiac disease and metabolic syndrome: from risk to a preventive opportunity, in the perspective of children's health.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- A Cross-Sectional Study on Protein Substitutes for Paediatric Phenylketonuria Diet: Time to Pay Attention.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Current Insights into Nutritional Management of Phenylketonuria: An Update for Children and Adolescents.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Are protein substitutes available in Italy for infants with inherited metabolic diseases all the same?Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breastfeeding or standard infant formulas, alongside phenylalanine (Phe)-free protein substitutes, constitute the dietary management for infants with PKU to guarantee protein requirements are met in compliance with metabolic tolerance. This work aims to analyse the nutritional composition of Phe-free infant protein substitutes, in terms of macronutrients, micronutrients and functional components, available for PKU dietary management in Italy. A total of seven infant Phe-free protein substitutes were included in this review, six powder and one liquid. A second analysis was conducted to compare them to the composition of formulas intended for healthy infants, taking into consideration the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/127 and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/128 for micronutrients. The analysis revealed heterogeneity among protein substitutes suitable for infants with PKU. The energy and protein equivalents (P.Eq.) content are different; all of the substitutes contain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), while eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and nucleotides are not present in all the substitutes. More attention should be paid to these infant products to ensure metabolic control of PKU, and also promote proper growth, cognitive neurodevelopment, favourable gut microbiota composition, and immune system health, while reducing the risk for non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.