ArticleNature medicine2024
Health effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke: a Burden of Proof study.
Article in Nature medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 96 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Secondhand smoke exposure and human health: an umbrella review.Nature human behaviour · 2026Pooled it
- Financial incentives for smoking cessation among (expectant) parents: a systematic review of facilitators and barriers to implementation.Tobacco control · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence and risk factors of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on multivariate logistic regression.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- The health effects associated with physical, sexual and psychological gender-based violence against men and women: a Burden of Proof study.Nature human behaviour · 2025Pooled it
- Health effects associated with exposure of children to physical violence, psychological violence and neglect: a Burden of Proof study.Nature human behaviour · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review with a Burden of Proof meta-analysis of health effects of long-term ambient fine particulate matter (PMNature aging · 2025Pooled it
- Economic and health impact of integrating smoking cessation services into NHS cancer care pathways in England: a modelling study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national prevalence of second-hand smoke and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.The Lancet. Public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Network toxicology and interpretable modeling identify nicotine-associated neuroendocrine targets and a three-gene prognostic signature in breast cancer.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Article
- Tobacco-Attributable Burden of Early-Onset Ischemic Heart Disease From 1990 to 2023: A Global Analysis Using GBD 2023 and Age-Period-Cohort Modeling.Clinical cardiology · 2026Article
- Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among University Students in the United Arab Emirates: Knowledge as a Correlate of Protective Behavior-A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- A Critical Perspective on the Role of Thirdhand Smoke in Tumorigenesis: Initiator or Promoter.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Secondhand smoke exposure at home and its association with tobacco use among adolescents in Saudi Arabia: findings from the 2022 global youth tobacco survey.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Development and internal validation of a clinical nomogram incorporating quantitative CT features for predicting malignancy in pulmonary nodules ≤ 3 cm.BMC medical imaging · 2026Article
- Impact of a brief peri-operative counselling session on parental awareness of passive smoking in paediatric ambulatory surgery: A single-centre observational study.European journal of anaesthesiology and intensive care · 2026Article
- Impact of Passive Smoking on Vital Signs, Motor Activity, and Agitation in Children Undergoing Dental Extractions Under Sedation: A Short-Term Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Gastroenteritis in middle-aged and elderly adults in rural China: associations with sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Determinants of tobacco use among men aged 15 to 59 in Sub Sahara Africa: a multilevel mixed effect logistic regression analysis.BMC public health · 2026Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite a gradual decline in smoking rates over time, exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) continues to cause harm to nonsmokers, who are disproportionately children and women living in low- and middle-income countries. We comprehensively reviewed the literature published by July 2022 concerning the adverse impacts of SHS exposure on nine health outcomes. Following, we quantified each exposure-response association accounting for various sources of uncertainty and evaluated the strength of the evidence supporting our analyses using the Burden of Proof Risk Function methodology. We found all nine health outcomes to be associated with SHS exposure. We conservatively estimated that SHS increases the risk of ischemic heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and lung cancer by at least around 8%, 5%, 1% and 1%, respectively, with the evidence supporting these harmful associations rated as weak (two stars). The evidence supporting the harmful associations between SHS and otitis media, asthma, lower respiratory infections, breast cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was weaker (one star). Despite the weak underlying evidence for these associations, our results reinforce the harmful effects of SHS on health and the need to prioritize advancing efforts to reduce active and passive smoking through a combination of public health policies and education initiatives.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.