Choledocholithiasis: A Review of Management and Outcomes in a Regional Setting.

Background Choledocholithiasis is a common surgical presentation with an incidence of 8% to 16% in symptomatic cholelithiasis. Treatment often requires a multi-stage approach via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), which can prolong the length of stay (LoS) and expose patients to unnecessary risks. A single-stage procedure, such as LC with common bile duct exploration (CBDE), is a safe and effective option that may decrease LoS. This study compares patient outcomes and management in a regional center and aims to identify factors that predict the presence of confirmed choledocholithiasis. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed on all patients admitted to Toowoomba Hospital for management of diagnosed or suspected choledocholithiasis from January 2021 to March 2023. Patient demographics, ERCP findings, and operative data were collated. Results A total of 195 patients were identified, including 136 patients undergoing multi-stage management, 34 patients who had an ERCP alone, and 25 patients who underwent single-stage management. Single-stage procedures had an 80% success rate with an average LoS of 3.6 days. Multi-stage procedures had an average LoS of 8.1 days and an ERCP success rate of 93%. Complication rates between ERCP (11.7%) and LC with CBDE (9.7%) were comparable. Time to index ERCP and serum bilirubin level were found to be significantly lower in those with positive index ERCP findings compared to those without. Conclusion Single-stage procedures are a safe way to manage choledocholithiasis and are associated with a reduced LoS when compared to multi-stage management, with comparable efficacy and morbidity rates.