ArticleBiology of sex differences2024
Sex and gender correlates of sexually polymorphic cognition.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluating sex and gender as separate and interactive predictors of memory aging trajectory classes: an integrative data-driven approach.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Gender "in the wild": toward a person-specific behavioral neuroendocrinology.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Cognitive Sex/Gender Differences and the Beliefs in Own Spatial Abilities.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Comparison of women's and men's sexual desires based on the emotional atmosphere of the family and the initial incompatible schemas with the mediating role of self-compassion.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Explicit gender stereotypes and sexually polymorphic cognition by gender identity.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- The Spectrum of Sex and Gender.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Differential Lesion Patterns Associated With Stroke-Induced Apraxia in Women and Men.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Influences of sex and gender on the associations between risk and protective factors, brain, and behavior.Biology of sex differences · 2024Review
- Sex differences in human brain networks in normal and psychiatric populations from the perspective of small-world properties.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundSexually polymorphic cognition (SPC) results from the interaction between biological (birth-assigned sex (BAS), sex hormones) and socio-cultural (gender identity, gender roles, sexual orientation) factors. The literature remains quite mixed regarding the magnitude of the effects of these variables. This project used a battery of classic cognitive tests designed to assess the influence of sex hormones on cognitive performance. At the same time, we aimed to assess the inter-related and respective effects that BAS, sex hormones, and gender-related factors have on SPC.
methodsWe recruited 222 adults who completed eight cognitive tasks that assessed a variety of cognitive domains during a 150-min session. Subgroups were separated based on gender identity and sexual orientation and recruited as follows: cisgender heterosexual men (n = 46), cisgender non-heterosexual men (n = 36), cisgender heterosexual women (n = 36), cisgender non-heterosexual women (n = 38), gender diverse (n = 66). Saliva samples were collected before, during, and after the test to assess testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone. Psychosocial variables were derived from self-report questionnaires.
resultsCognitive performance reflects sex and gender differences that are partially consistent with the literature. Interestingly, biological factors seem to better explain differences in male-typed cognitive tasks (i.e., spatial), while psychosocial factors seem to better explain differences in female-typed cognitive tasks (i.e., verbal).
conclusionOur results establish a better comprehension of SPC over and above the effects of BAS as a binary variable. We highlight the importance of treating sex as a biological factor and gender as a socio-cultural factor together since they collectively influence SPC.
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