Need for standardization in sub-lethal antibiotics research.

While monitoring and managing resistant and persistent microbes is of utmost importance and should not be glossed over, one must also focus on mitigating the microbe's ability to cause harm. Exploring the concept of lowering or even suppressing the microbe's virulence with sub-Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) antibiotics holds promise and warrants further investigation. At present, such antibiotic concentrations have mostly been studied to cover the side-effects of gradient exposure, overlooking the possibility of utilizing them to influence not only bacterial virulence, but also colonization, fitness and collateral sensitivities. This review focuses on conflicting findings of studies demonstrating both increased and decreased virulence in microbes under sub-MIC antibiotic exposure. It identifies lack of standardization in this field of research as one of the main culprits for discordant results across numerous studies on virulence. It critically discusses important terminology related to bacterial traits and existing methods to determine MIC and sub-MIC ranges. Lastly, possible directions toward standardized sub-MIC profiling and thereby tailored treatment options in the future are explored.