ReviewClinical kidney journal2024
Risks of the ketogenic diet in CKD - the con part.
Review in Clinical kidney journal, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of the ketogenic diet on the health of patients with metabolic syndrome: a scoping review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Relationship between Aging and Ketogenic Diet: A Bibliometric Analysis (1995-2025)Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Pooled it
- Are low carbohydrate diet interventions beneficial for metabolic syndrome and its components? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Pooled it
- The value of targeting ketone body metabolism in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- The Ketogenic Diet in Obesity Management: Friend or Foe?Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2026Review
- Metabolic reprogramming in diabetes and other endocrine and metabolic disorders: exploring the Warburg effect, ketones, and SGLT2 inhibitors.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- A Narrative Review of Weight Management Strategies: From Lifestyle Interventions to Emerging Pharmacotherapies.Journal of obesity · 2026Review
- Ketone bodies in kidney diseases: novel insights.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The role of mitochondria in the gut-kidney axis: implications for kidney health.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Nutrition in CrossFit® - scientific evidence and practical perspectives: a systematic scoping review.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Article
- Breaking the metabolic-inflammatory vicious cycle in polycystic ovary syndrome: a comparative review of ketogenic and high-fat diets.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Review
- The Ketogenic Diet Through a Metabolomic Lens: Biochemical Pathways, Therapeutic Applications, and Analytical Challenges.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Ketogenic diets in chronic kidney disease patients: a review for skeptics by skeptics.Journal of nephrology · 2025Review
- Review
- Dietary Protein Intake Recommendations for Patients with Non-Dialysis-Dependent CKD: What Should Healthcare Providers Do?Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2025Review
- Ketogenic Diet Intervention for Obesity Weight-Loss- A Narrative Review, Challenges, and Open Questions.Current nutrition reports · 2025Review
- Ketogenic diets and β-hydroxybutyrate in the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease: current progress and future perspectives.BMC nephrology · 2025Review
- Efficacy and Safety of Phase 1 of Very Low Energy Ketogenic Therapy (VLEKT) in Subjects with Obesity and Mild Renal Impairment.Nutrients · 2025Article
- The Gut-Kidney Axis in Chronic Kidney Diseases.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- From Adipose to Ailing Kidneys: The Role of Lipid Metabolism in Obesity-Related Chronic Kidney Disease.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The ketogenic diet is a very low carbohydrate diet that has received a lot of attention for its role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. For patients with chronic kidney disease, there is limited evidence on the risks and/or benefits of this diet. However, from the limited evidence that does exist, there are several inferences that can be drawn regarding this diet for patients with kidney disease. The ketogenic diet may not be better than comparator higher carbohydrate diets over the long term. The diet also has low adherence levels in studies lasting ≥12 months. The diet's emphasis on fat, which often comes from animal fat, increases the consumption of saturated fat, which may increase the risk of heart disease. It has the potential to worsen metabolic acidosis by increasing dietary acid load and endogenous acid production through the oxidation of fatty acids. In addition, the diet has been associated with an increased risk of kidney stones in patients using it for the treatment of refractory epilepsy. For these reasons, and for the lack of safety data on it, it is reasonable for patients with kidney disease to avoid utilizing the ketogenic diet as a first-line option given alternative dietary patterns (like the plant-dominant diet) with less theoretical risk for harm. For those adopting the ketogenic diet in kidney disease, a plant-based version of the ketogenic diet may mitigate some of the concerns with animal-based versions of the ketogenic diet.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.