ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2025
Longitudinal polysubstance use patterns and non-fatal overdose: A repeated measures latent class analysis.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Higher prevalence of non-fatal overdose with opioid and stimulant use compared to use of opioids alone.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Evaluating risk factors and protective clinical interventions for opioid use disorder and overdose in American Indian/Alaska Native populations.Journal of ethnicity in substance abuse · 2026Article
- Patterns of polysubstance use among people who use drugs on an American Indian reservation of a southern plains Tribal Nation.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Using Alcohol and Sleep Sensors to Understand Blackout Risk in Young Adults' Natural Settings (The Lights Out Study): Protocol for an Intensive Longitudinal Pilot Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Daily patterns of single and poly-substance use among adolescent and young adult females: A day-level latent class analysis.Addictive behaviors · 2025Article
- Overdose risk profiles in pregnancy: Latent class analysis of pregnant individuals with opioid use disorder.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Article
- Introduction to the special section on polysubstance use: Emerging trends, psychosocial drivers, and treatment challenges.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Methamphetamine use and associated factors among people who inject drugs in Iran 2020.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2025Article
- Naloxone administration and survival in overdoses involving opioids and stimulants: An analysis of law enforcement data from 63 Pennsylvania counties.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Naloxone Administration and Survival in Overdoses Involving Opioids and Stimulants: An Analysis of Law Enforcement Data from 63 Pennsylvania Counties.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Reported Xylazine Use Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years Evaluated for Substance Use Treatment - United States, July 2022-September 2023.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPolysubstance use (PSU) is common among people who use opioids (PWUO) and has been associated with drug-related harms. We aimed to identify latent longitudinal PSU classes among a cohort of PWUO and characterize non-fatal overdose risks among different sub-classes over time.
methodsWe used longitudinal data (2005-2018) from three ongoing prospective cohorts of people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada. The primary outcome of interest was self-reported non-fatal overdose during the past six months. The primary exposure of interest was longitudinal PSU patterns among PWUO, obtained from repeated measures latent class analysis (RMLCA) of weekly substance use-related outcome indicators. Multivariable generalized estimating equations models were built to assess the association between latent PSU class membership and non-fatal overdose, adjusting for potential sociodemographic, behavioural, and structural confounders.
results2627 PWUO were included in the analysis, and 1094 (41.6 %) had experienced at least one non-fatal overdose during the study period. RMLCA revealed five distinct latent longitudinal PSU classes, including low/infrequent use (Class 1; 30 %), primarily opioid and methamphetamine use (Class 2; 22 %), primarily cannabis use (Class 3; 15 %), primarily opioid and crack use (Class 4; 29 %), and frequent PSU (Class 5; 4 %). In comparison with Class 1 (low), membership in all latent PSU classes except Class 3 (cannabis) was associated with increased odds of non-fatal overdose: Class 2 (opioids + meth) vs. Class 1 (Adjusted odds ratios [aOR] = 2.20, 95 % confidence intervals [CI]: 1.51-3.22), Class 4 (opioids + crack) vs. Class 1 (aOR = 1.06, 95 % CI: 0.85-1.33), and Class 5 (frequent) vs. Class 1 (aOR = 2.39, 95 % CI: 1.92-2.97).
conclusionOur findings highlighted the heterogeneous characteristics of PWUO in terms of patterns of PSU and non-fatal overdose risk. The diverse nature of PWUO and the potential additive or multiplicative impact of using several substances on overdoses should be reflected across the substance use treatment continuum and care provision.
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