ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2024
Longevity, demographic characteristics, and socio-economic status are linked to triiodothyronine levels in the general population.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers, Part II: Follow-up Surveillance after Initial Treatment 2026.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2026Guideline
- Stressful exposure from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami drives long-term changes in thyroid hormone physiology.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Environmental tuning of thyroid hormone signaling drives developmental plasticity.Science advances · 2026Article
- Deciphering the obesity paradox in phenotypic age acceleration through thyroid hormone sensitivity: results from NHANES 2007-2010.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2026Article
- Phenotypic Age Acceleration as a Mediator in Thyroid Hormone-Related Cardiovascular Risk Among the Elderly.Cardiology research and practice · 2026Article
- Risk of hypothyroidism in meat-eaters, fish-eaters, and vegetarians: a population-based prospective study.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Serum CD5L Responds Positively to Selenium and Coenzyme QAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Research status of subclinical hypothyroidism promoting the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Clinical thyroidology: beyond the 1970s' TSH-T4 Paradigm.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Article
- Thyroid Hormone Homeostasis in Levothyroxine-treated Patients: Findings From ELSA-Brasil.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- Role of Iodine Status and Lifestyle Behaviors on Goiter among Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang Province, China.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Serum CD5L as potential biomarker of thyroid hormone status during pregnancy.BioFactors (Oxford, England)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is fundamental to human biology, exerting central control over energy expenditure and body temperature. However, the consequences of normal physiologic HPT-axis variation in populations without diagnosed thyroid disease are poorly understood. Using nationally representative data from the 2007 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we explore relationships with demographic characteristics, longevity, and socio-economic factors. We find much larger variation across age in free T3 than other HPT-axis hormones. T3 and T4 have opposite relationships to mortality: free T3 is inversely related and free T4 is positively related to the likelihood of death. Free T3 and household income are negatively related, particularly at lower incomes. Finally, free T3 among older adults is associated with labor both in terms of unemployment and hours worked. Physiologic TSH/T4 explain only 1.7% of T3 variation, and neither are appreciably correlated to socio-economic outcomes. Taken together, our data suggest an unappreciated complexity of the HPT-axis signaling cascade broadly such that TSH and T4 may not be accurate surrogates of free T3. Furthermore, we find that subclinical variation in the HPT-axis effector hormone T3 is an important and overlooked factor linking socio-economic forces, human biology, and aging.
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