Attention-gated 3D CapsNet for robust hippocampal segmentation.

Purpose: The hippocampus is organized in subfields (HSF) involved in learning and memory processes and widely implicated in pathologies at different ages of life, from neonatal hypoxia to temporal lobe epilepsy or Alzheimer's disease. Getting a highly accurate and robust delineation of sub-millimetric regions such as HSF to investigate anatomo-functional hypotheses is a challenge. One of the main difficulties encountered by those methodologies is related to the small size and anatomical variability of HSF, resulting in the scarcity of manual data labeling. Recently introduced, capsule networks solve analogous problems in medical imaging, providing deep learning architectures with rotational equivariance. Nonetheless, capsule networks are still two-dimensional and unassessed for the segmentation of HSF. Approach: We released a public 3D Capsule Network (3D-AGSCaps, https://github.com/clementpoiret/3D-AGSCaps) and compared it to equivalent architectures using classical convolutions on the automatic segmentation of HSF on small and atypical datasets (incomplete hippocampal inversion, IHI). We tested 3D-AGSCaps on three datasets with manually labeled hippocampi. Results: Our main results were: (1) 3D-AGSCaps produced segmentations with a better Dice Coefficient compared to CNNs on rotated hippocampi ( Conclusion: We expect our newly introduced 3D-AGSCaps to allow a more accurate and fully automated segmentation on atypical populations, small datasets, as well as on and large cohorts where manual segmentations are nearly intractable.