Investigating the impacts of agricultural land use on soil earthworm communities: A case study of northern Zagros Mountains of Iran.

Earthworms play a crucial role in the invertebrate community of soil by contributing to the belowground biomass and biogeochemical cycle. Environmental stresses, such as human activities and land use changes, have been found to negatively affect their abundance and diversity. To investigate the impact of agricultural land use and pastures on earthworms' genetic diversity in the Northern Zagros Mountains, we used COI molecular marker and DNA barcoding approaches. We collected earthworm specimens from four farmland sites and six pastures and assessed the abundance and species composition of earthworm communities across the two land uses using quadrat sampling. Using the barcoding method, we identified 13 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) among the captured earthworms. Our results showed that the number of total MOTUs, density, and earthworm communities differed significantly between the two land uses. We also found that pastures had more abundant earthworms, while farmlands had greater diversity. The diversity of OTUs in the Lumbricidae family was dominant in the agricultural system. Overall, the population of invasive earthworm species in cultivation systems is influenced by chemical inputs and organic materials from plant residues, cover crops, manure, or organic fertilizers. Given the rapid rate of land use change worldwide, especially in Iran, it is crucial to understand the impact of disturbances on earthworms.