SynthesisPerspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science2025
A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox.
Synthesis in Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Gender differences in attitudes toward academic effort and boys' underachievement: A large-scale international study.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Self-Reported Attachment Styles in the Danish General Population: Gender and Age-Related Differences and Associations With Mental Health.Scandinavian journal of psychology · 2026Article
- Self-criticism and dependency in adolescents with depression: Associations with clinical features and psychological functioning.The British journal of clinical psychology · 2026Article
- The development of ambivalent sexism: Proposals for an expanded model.The British journal of developmental psychology · 2026Review
- Gender inequalities in high psychological distress vary across European regions and occupational subgroups.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The power of many small sex differences in cognition, personality, and interests.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Motivation and reward processing across sex/gender and the menstrual cycle: a biopsychosocial perspective.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- The Impact of Math Attitudes and Gender in Future School Choice: A Longitudinal Study Among Italian Students.Journal of Intelligence · 2026Article
- Gender equality predicts female overrepresentation only in competitive domains where they have a relative advantage over males.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Gender differences in body dissatisfaction: A large-scale investigation among adolescents using two international surveys.PloS one · 2026Article
- Commonly observed sex differences in direct aggression are absent or reversed in sibling contexts.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- Simpson's gender-equality paradox.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- The nurture of nature: why physical and psychological differences between the sexes are greater in healthier, wealthier societies.Biology letters · 2025Review
- Exploring the Gender Preferences for Healthcare Providers and Their Influence on Patient Satisfaction.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Gender differences in psychosomatic complaints across occupations and time from 2006 to 2018 in Germany: a repeated cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Some studies show that living conditions, such as economy, gender equality, and education, are associated with the magnitude of psychological sex differences. We systematically and quantitatively reviewed 54 articles and conducted new analyses on 27 meta-analyses and large-scale studies to investigate the association between living conditions and psychological sex differences. We found that sex differences in personality, verbal abilities, episodic memory, and negative emotions are more pronounced in countries with higher living conditions. In contrast, sex differences in sexual behavior, partner preferences, and math are smaller in countries with higher living conditions. We also observed that economic indicators of living conditions, such as gross domestic product, are most sensitive in predicting the magnitude of sex differences. Taken together, results indicate that more sex differences are larger, rather than smaller, in countries with higher living conditions. It should therefore be expected that the magnitude of most psychological sex differences will remain unchanged or become more pronounced with improvements in living conditions, such as economy, gender equality, and education.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.