Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38168616›Full record

ArticleNature microbiology2024

Bacteroides fragilis toxin expression enables lamina propria niche acquisition in the developing mouse gut.

Craig A Hill, Benjamin W Casterline, Ezequiel Valguarnera, Aaron L Hecht, Elizabeth Stanley Shepherd, Justin L Sonnenburg, Juliane Bubeck Wardenburg

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature microbiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
23citing papers in PubMed
9.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

23 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. NontoxigenicMicroorganisms · 2026
    Review
  8. Comparative genomic analysis ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026
    Article
  9. Outer membrane vesicles secreted byInfection and immunity · 2026
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Orally available designed miniproteins inhibit enterotoxigenicbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Colonic Submucosa Targeted Delivery of Probiotic and Rhein for Ulcerative Colitis Treatment.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Article
  19. Intestinal dysbiosis and colorectal cancer.Chinese medical journal · 2025
    Review
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Craig A Hill *Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5973-0225
Benjamin W Casterline *Interdisciplinary Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Ezequiel ValguarneraDepartment of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Aaron L HechtInterdisciplinary Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4077-9357
Elizabeth Stanley ShepherdNovome Biotechnologies, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
Justin L SonnenburgDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2299-6817
Juliane Bubeck WardenburgDepartment of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. jbubeck@wustl.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-2755-3348
Washington University in St. Louis · USUniversity of Chicago · USChan Zuckerberg Initiative (United States) · US

Funding

MEDICAL SCIENTIST TRAININGT32GM007281 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO · PI CLARK, MARCUS RAMSAY · 1985 to 2022
$32.1M
ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CYTOMORPHOLOGY COREP30DK042086 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO · PI LIU, CAMBRIAN YANGSHAO · 1990 to 2025
$29.8M
Impact of Diet on Intestinal Microbiota-Host DynamicsR01DK085025 · NIDDK · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI JUSTIN L SONNENBURG · 2010 to 2026
$6.4M
Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis Acquisition in Disease SusceptibilityR01AI138565 · NIAID · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI BUBECK WARDENBURG, JULIANE · 2018 to 2022
$2.0M
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in modulation of host immunityR21AI157196 · NIAID · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI BUBECK WARDENBURG, JULIANE · 2021 to 2022
$433k
Niche Establishment by Bacteroides fragilis - Resubmission 01F30AI126791 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO · PI CASTERLINE, BENJAMIN · 2017 to 2020
$149k
NIAID NIH HHS F30 AI126791NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI138565NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI157196NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK042086NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK085025NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM007281Wellcome Trust 085025
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Bacterial toxins are well-studied virulence factors; however, recent studies have revealed their importance in bacterial niche adaptation. Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) expresses B. fragilis toxin (BFT) that we hypothesized may contribute to both colonic epithelial injury and niche acquisition. We developed a vertical transmission model for ETBF in mice that showed that BFT enabled ETBF to access a lamina propria (LP) niche during colonic microbiome development that was inaccessible to non-toxigenic B. fragilis. LP entry by ETBF required BFT metalloprotease activity, and showed temporal restriction to the pre-weaning period, dependent on goblet-cell-associated passages. In situ single-cell analysis showed bft expression at the apical epithelial surface and within the LP. BFT expression increased goblet cell number and goblet-cell-associated passage formation. These findings define a paradigm by which bacterial toxin expression specifies developmental niche acquisition, suggesting that a selective advantage conferred by a toxin may impact long-term host health.

Indexed as

Bacterial ToxinsAnimalsBacteriaBacteroides fragilisColonMetalloendopeptidasesMiceBacterial ToxinsBacteroides fragilis toxinMetalloendopeptidases

Identifiers

PMID38168616
PMCPMC11214347
OpenAlexW4390501181

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.