ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
Appropriate intradeltoid muscle needle penetration depth in vaccine administration: an MRI study in Thailand.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Individualized Deltoid Landmark and Needle Length for Safe Intramuscular Vaccination in Southeast Asian Adults: An Ultrasound Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Potentiating the Efficacy of mRNA Vaccines through NIR-II Imaging-Guided Precise Vaccination.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the appropriate vaccination needle penetration depth into the deltoid muscle to avoid injection-site complications from an inappropriate injection depth and/or injection site in the Thai population. Methods: This was a retrospective study using axial proton density-weighted images of MRI shoulders at the level of 2 fingerbreadths below the acromion process to measure the combined thickness of the skin, subcutaneous fat pad and deltoid muscle to evaluate the percentage of injections into the deltoid muscle with various needle penetration depths. Results: There were 509 MRI shoulder images of 222 males and 287 females (265 right shoulders and 244 left shoulders). The average body mass index and age were 24.54 ± 3.54 kg/m Conclusion: We recommend advancing the entire length of a 0.5-inch needle perpendicular to the skin at 2 fingerbreadths below the acromion process for adult intradeltoid vaccinations. This approach ensures optimal vaccine delivery and minimizes the risk of injection-related injuries.
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