ArticleInflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]2024
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor exerts dominant effects over macrophage colony stimulating factor during macrophage differentiation in vitro to induce an inflammatory phenotype.
Article in Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.], 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Optimizing next-generation CAR-macrophages against solid tumors: challenges and potential strategies.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Immunological characteristics and functions of macrophages in Mycobacterium leprae infection.BMC immunology · 2025Article
- Targeted labeling and depletion of alveolar macrophages using VeDTR mouse technology.iScience · 2025Article
- Specific inflammatory stimuli that engage innate immune sensors induce novel CD103 expression profiles in macrophages.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- M-CSF Protects Against Ulcerative Colitis via Aconitate: Mendelian Randomization and Experimental Evidence.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- The role of the interplay between macrophage glycolytic reprogramming and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome.Clinical and translational medicine · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMacrophages (Mφ) can exist along a spectrum of phenotypes that include pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) immune cells. Mφ colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and granulocyte Mφ colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are cytokines important in hematopoiesis, polarization and activation of Mφ. METHODS AND
resultsTo gain a greater understanding of the relationship between GM-CSF and M-CSF, we investigated an in vitro model of differentiation to determine if GM-CSF and M-CSF can antagonize each other, in terms of Mφ phenotype and functions. We determined that Mφ cultured in mixed M-CSF: GM-CSF ratios exhibit M1-like GM-CSF-treated macrophage phenotype when the ratios of the two cytokines are 1:1 in culture. Moreover, GM-CSF is dominant over M-CSF in influencing Mφ production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNFα, and IL-12p40, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.
conclusionsOur data established that GM-CSF is more dominant over M-CSF, triggering the Mφ to become pro-inflammatory cells. These findings provide insight into how GM-CSF can influence Mφ activation with implications in inflammatory diseases where the Mφ status can play a significant role in supporting the inflammatory conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.