Observational studyClinical oral investigations2023
Clinical, oral immunological and microbiological shifts during and after pregnancy.
Observational study in Clinical oral investigations, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- High Gingival Bleeding Burden in Late Pregnancy Is Associated with a Salivary Profile of Inflammatory, Regulatory, and Stress-Response Signals.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Periodontitis during pregnancy: The effect on the gut microbiome and intestinal inflammation.Journal of periodontology · 2026Article
- Shotgun metagenomic mapping of saliva reveals insights into diversity and function of the oral microbiome in pregnancy.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Salivary Proteomic Signatures in Pregnant Women With Excessive Gingival Bleeding.Oral diseases · 2026Observational
- The role of oral dysbiosis in pregnancy complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preterm birth.Journal of oral microbiology · 2026Review
- Shifting hormones, shaping health: Gender-affirming therapy & oral care.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Mathematical Modeling of Obstetric Variables: Influence of COVID-19, Periodontal Disease and Dental Care During Pregnancy.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Oral microbiome dysbiosis in women with a history of pregnancy loss: a metagenomic cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Link between fertility behavior and edentulous jaw in middle-aged Chinese women: a cross-sectional study from the CHARLS.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- The Safety of Probiotics Intended for Use in Pregnant and Lactating Women: From a Desirable to a Required Task.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Periodontal Disease in Patients with Ischemic Stroke - an Exploratory Study.Acta stomatologica Croatica · 2024Article
- The Impact of Periodontal Disease on Preterm Birth and Preeclampsia.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Unveiling sex-disparities and the impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy on periodontal health.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesPhysiological changes and shifts in the oral microbiota composition during pregnancy may affect the maternal immune system. Uncomplicated pregnancy is associated with a T-helper (Th) 2 predominant cytokine regulation (anti-inflammatory), while oral health deterioration during pregnancy is reflected by severe gingival inflammation, a primarily Th1 cytokine phenotype (pro-inflammatory), and oral microbiome alterations. This prospective observational study aimed to evaluate Th cytokine shifts and changes in the oral microbiota composition in saliva of women before and after birth. MATERIAL AND
methodsSaliva (n = 96) was collected before and 6 months after birth, and medical, oral health, and periodontal status were assessed. In a multiplex immunoassay, 10 cytokines were simultaneously analyzed and cumulative Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels and Th1/Th2 ratio were calculated for all groups. Putative periodontal pathogens (n = 6) were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.
resultsTh2 cytokine levels were significantly lower (p = 0.014) while pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were significantly higher (p < 0.01) during pregnancy than postpartum. Similar Th1 levels were found between the groups (p = 0.143). Th1 and Th2 cytokines positively correlated with periodontal parameters (p < 0.001) and levels of studied bacteria during pregnancy (p < 0.05).
conclusionsThis study identified a significantly increased Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio during pregnancy and a positive association with putative periodontal pathogens. This immunological and microbiological deregulation in the oral milieu during pregnancy is suggestive of a destructive inflammatory periodontal profile. STUDY REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials.gov (Record BAP-2015). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Understanding altered oral immunological and microbiological regulation patterns during pregnancy may help improve the inflammatory periodontal profile in pregnant women.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.