ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2024
Toll-like receptor agonists as cancer vaccine adjuvants.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- The polymeric nanovectors landscape for cancer immunotherapies towards advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs).Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Advances in Therapeutic Melanoma Vaccines (2010-2025).Vaccines · 2026Review
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- Leveraging multimodal cancer immunotherapy to amplify the efficacy of oncolytic viruses.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Immunoinformatics-guided design of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting WISP1 for gastric cancer.BMC biotechnology · 2026Article
- A bioinformatics pipeline for the design of a SART3-targeted cancer vaccine with enhanced immunogenicity.Genomics & informatics · 2026Article
- Japanese encephalitis virus degrades TRAF3 to suppress type I interferon and promote viral replication through NS5 and host TUFM proteins.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Bright side of the dark genome: antigens for next-gen cancer vaccines.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Review
- Molecular origin, discovery, validation and application of neoantigens.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Intranasal MyD88-adjuvanted DNA vaccine against P. gingivalis in rat periodontitis.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- T cell-intrinsic PRR signaling in immunity and pathology.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2026Review
- Vaccination-enabled immune readiness for checkpoint blockade.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Interplay between pathogen-mediated immune evasion and innate immune negative regulation in gastrointestinal tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Toll like receptor agonist effects on human CD8+ T cell activation and expression of T cell checkpoint receptors.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Dendritic cell immunotherapy advances for solid tumors: Vaccination and modulation.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Review
- Lactobacilli-Derived Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) in Host Immune Modulation.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Advances and Strategies in Enhancing mRNA Cancer Vaccines.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Review
- Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy to treat cancer patients. Among the wide range of immunological approaches, cancer vaccines have been investigated to activate and expand tumor-reactive T cells. However, most cancer vaccines have not shown significant clinical benefit as monotherapies. This is likely due to the antigen targets of vaccines, "self" proteins to which there is tolerance, as well as to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To help circumvent immune tolerance and generate effective immune responses, adjuvants for cancer vaccines are necessary. One representative adjuvant family is Toll-Like receptor (TLR) agonists, synthetic molecules that stimulate TLRs. TLRs are the largest family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that serve as the sensors of pathogens or cellular damage. They recognize conserved foreign molecules from pathogens or internal molecules from cellular damage and propel innate immune responses. When used with vaccines, activation of TLRs signals an innate damage response that can facilitate the development of a strong adaptive immune response against the target antigen. The ability of TLR agonists to modulate innate immune responses has positioned them to serve as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancers. This review provides a summary of various TLRs, including their expression patterns, their functions in the immune system, as well as their ligands and synthetic molecules developed as TLR agonists. In addition, it presents a comprehensive overview of recent strategies employing different TLR agonists as adjuvants in cancer vaccine development, both in pre-clinical models and ongoing clinical trials.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.