ArticleOperative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.)2023
Evaluation Metrics for Augmented Reality in Neurosurgical Preoperative Planning, Surgical Navigation, and Surgical Treatment Guidance: A Systematic Review.
Article in Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- How is 3D modeling in metabolic surgery utilized and what is its clinical benefit: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Regulating digital surgery to balance safety and innovation: a SAGES white paper.Surgical endoscopy · 2026Article
- Mixed reality applied to surgical planning and tailoring of carotid endarterectomies.Acta neurochirurgica · 2026Article
- Extended Reality in Neurosurgery : Surgical Planning, Navigation, Education, and Patient Communication.Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society · 2026Article
- Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Prognostic Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Clinical Management of Brain Metastases (BMs).Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Reality in Vascular Neurosurgery.Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement · 2025Article
- Augmented reality (AR) in microsurgical multimodal image guided focal pediatric epilepsy surgery: Results of a retrospective feasibility study.Brain & spine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveRecent years have shown an advancement in the development of augmented reality (AR) technologies for preoperative visualization, surgical navigation, and intraoperative guidance for neurosurgery. However, proving added value for AR in clinical practice is challenging, partly because of a lack of standardized evaluation metrics. We performed a systematic review to provide an overview of the reported evaluation metrics for AR technologies in neurosurgical practice and to establish a foundation for assessment and comparison of such technologies.
methodsPubMed, Embase, and Cochrane were searched systematically for publications on assessment of AR for cranial neurosurgery on September 22, 2022. The findings were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.
resultsThe systematic search yielded 830 publications; 114 were screened full text, and 80 were included for analysis. Among the included studies, 5% dealt with preoperative visualization using AR, with user perception as the most frequently reported metric. The majority (75%) researched AR technology for surgical navigation, with registration accuracy, clinical outcome, and time measurements as the most frequently reported metrics. In addition, 20% studied the use of AR for intraoperative guidance, with registration accuracy, task outcome, and user perception as the most frequently reported metrics.
conclusionFor quality benchmarking of AR technologies in neurosurgery, evaluation metrics should be specific to the risk profile and clinical objectives of the technology. A key focus should be on using validated questionnaires to assess user perception; ensuring clear and unambiguous reporting of registration accuracy, precision, robustness, and system stability; and accurately measuring task performance in clinical studies. We provided an overview suggesting which evaluation metrics to use per AR application and innovation phase, aiming to improve the assessment of added value of AR for neurosurgical practice and to facilitate the integration in the clinical workflow.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.