ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
Large-scale genome-wide association study to identify causal relationships and potential mediators between education and autoimmune diseases.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Causal risk and protective factors for rheumatoid arthritis: a comprehensive mendelian randomization systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Pooled it
- Autoimmune thyroid disease and human health: a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Unraveling the brain-joint axis: genetic, transcriptomic, and cohort insights from neuroticism to osteoarthritis.Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2025Article
- Large-scale genetic correlation studies explore the causal relationship and potential mechanism between gut microbiota and COVID-19-associated risks.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Associations between body mass index and all-cause mortality among individuals with psoriasis: results from the NHANES database retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: Epidemiological studies suggested a potential connection between education and autoimmune disorders. This study investigated the possible cause-and-effect relationship using a Mendelian randomization approach. Methods: We explored the causality between four education traits (n = 257,841~1,131,881) and 22 autoimmune diseases. The mediating role of smoking (632,802 individuals), BMI (681,275 individuals), alcohol (335,394 individuals), and income (397,751 individuals) was also investigated. Transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) and enriched signaling pathways analysis were used to investigate the underlying biological mechanisms. Results: Especially, higher cognitive performance was protective for psoriasis (odds ratio (OR) = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.60-0.79, Conclusion: Higher levels of education-related factors have a protective effect on the risk of several autoimmune disorders. Reducing smoking and BMI and promoting income equality can mitigate health risks associated with low education levels.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.