ArticleThe European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care2024
Impact of Long COVID on productivity and informal caregiving.
Article in The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the influence of long COVID upon self-identity: a systematic literature review.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Pooled it
- Health-related quality of life in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of EQ-5D studies.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2025Pooled it
- Cost-Effectiveness of a Personalised Self-Management Intervention for People Living With Long Covid: The LISTEN Randomised Controlled Trial.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Trial
- Cost-effectiveness of the ReDIRECT/counterweight-plus weight management programme to alleviate symptoms of long COVID.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Personalisation at the Core of Success: Process Evaluation of the LISTEN Randomised Controlled Trial Evaluating a Personalised Self-Management Support Intervention for People Living With Long Covid.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Trial
- Plasma exchange therapy for the post COVID-19 condition: a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Long COVID-19 in Spain: A Phenomenological Exploration of Health, Support, and Systemic Challenges.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Symptomatic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 and household economic responses in the context of partial lockdown: an analysis based on Cameroonian household survey data.International journal of health economics and management · 2026Article
- The Disproportionate Burden: Health and Economic Outcomes of COVID-19 for Native American Communities.Research square · 2026Article
- The next phase in Long COVID research: addressing the ethical challenges in trials of disease-modifying treatments.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Review
- Exploring duplication in reviews of Long COVID: 2020-2023.Systematic reviews · 2026Article
- 'What Do People With Long Covid Want From Healthcare Services?' A Qualitative Exploration From Lived Experience.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026Article
- Health economic outcomes and national economic impacts associated with Long COVID in England and Scotland.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2026Article
- Large-Scale Psychometric Assessment and Validation of the Modified COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale Patient-Reported Outcome Measure for Long COVID or Post-COVID Syndrome.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Work ability trajectories and sick leave in individuals with post COVID-19 condition: 3-year follow-up of a population-based cohort.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials for the Treatment of Long COVID Syndrome.Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives · 2026Article
- Barriers, facilitators, and the role of central coordination: understanding long COVID-19 healthcare access in a universal healthcare system.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Economic burden of long COVID: macroeconomic, cost-of-illness and microeconomic impacts.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2025Review
- Employment Status, Work Limitations, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Sickness Absenteeism Among US Adults With and Without Long COVID.American journal of industrial medicine · 2025Article
- Addressing Inequalities in Long Covid Healthcare: A Mixed-Methods Study on Building Inclusive Services.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAround 2 million people in the UK suffer from Long COVID (LC). Of concern is the disease impact on productivity and informal care burden. This study aimed to quantify and value productivity losses and informal care receipt in a sample of LC patients in the UK.
methodsThe target population comprised LC patients referred to LC specialist clinics. The questionnaires included a health economics questionnaire (HEQ) measuring productivity impacts, informal care receipt and service utilisation, EQ-5D-5L, C19-YRS LC condition-specific measure, and sociodemographic and COVID-19 history variables. Outcomes were changes from the incident infection resulting in LC to the month preceding the survey in paid work status/h, work income, work performance and informal care receipt. The human capital approach valued productivity losses; the proxy goods method valued caregiving hours. The values were extrapolated nationally using published prevalence data. Multilevel regressions, nested by region, estimated associations between the outcomes and patient characteristics.
results366 patients responded to HEQ (mean LC duration 449.9 days). 51.7% reduced paid work hours relative to the pre-infection period. Mean monthly work income declined by 24.5%. The average aggregate value of productivity loss since incident infection was £10,929 (95% bootstrap confidence interval £8,844-£13,014) and £5.7 billion (£3.8-£7.6 billion) extrapolated nationally. The corresponding values for informal caregiving were £8,726 (£6,247-£11,204) and £4.8 billion (£2.6-£7.0 billion). Multivariate analyses found significant associations between each outcome and health utility and C19-YRS subscale scores.
conclusionLC significantly impacts productivity losses and provision of informal care, exacerbated by high national prevalence of LC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.