ArticleVirus research2024
The avian influenza A virus receptor SA-α2,3-Gal is expressed in the porcine nasal mucosa sustaining the pig as a mixing vessel for new influenza viruses.
Article in Virus research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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19 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Receptor profiling and growth assessment of influenza A virus in porcine mammary and non-mammary tissues and derived cells.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Evolution of swine influenza surveillance and one health governance in Taiwan: from zoonotic risk management to integrated preparedness.Veterinary research communications · 2026Review
- Receptor basis of unusual tissue tropism of avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus in cattle.Science advances · 2026Article
- Pathogenicity and immune response of turkey A(H1N2) influenza virus of swine-origin on turkeys and mice.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- The bovine mammary gland as a crucible for zoonotic influenza virus emergence: Receptor-mediated adaptation of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b.Archives of virology · 2026Review
- Spatial localization of avian and human influenza A virus receptors in male and female bovine reproductive tissues.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Porcine influenza mAbs to H3, H5, and H7 hemagglutinins recognize H3 egg adapted site and target the HA stem.Discovery immunology · 2026Article
- A new strategy to reduce human influenza infection: creating pigs with partial resistance to influenza A virus infection by targetingJournal of biomedical research · 2025Article
- Recent advances in lateral flow devices and point-of-care diagnostics for highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- The efficiency of rotavirus A spread to extraintestinal tissues is not determined by the levels of its replication in the gut.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Phylogenetic and Molecular Characterization of a Novel Reassortant High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A (H7N6) Virus Detected in New Zealand Poultry.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Retinol binding protein 4 enhances cellular cholesterol uptake to facilitate influenza A virus infection.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Influenza A virus in dairy cattle: infection biology and potential mammary gland-targeted vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Newcastle disease virus expressing clade 2.3.4.4b H5 hemagglutinin confers protection against lethal H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in BALB/c mice.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Emerging threats of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in swine: knowledge gaps and the imperative for a One Health approach.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- The introduction of a highly virulent PRRSV strain in pig farms is associated with a change in the pattern of influenza A virus infection in nurseries.Veterinary research · 2024Article
- Review
- Avian and Human Influenza A Virus Receptors in Bovine Mammary Gland.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Multi-omics analysis reveals the impact of influenza a virus host adaptation on immune signatures in pig tracheal tissue.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) originate from wild birds but have on several occasions jumped host barriers and are now also circulating in humans and mammals. The IAV host receptors (glycans with galactose linked to a sialic acid (SA) in an α2,3 or α2,6 linkage) are crucial host factors restricting inter-species transmission. In general, avian-origin IAVs show a preference for SA-α2,3 (avian receptor), whereas IAVs isolated from humans and pigs prefer SA-α2,6 (human receptor). N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are the two major SAs. Neu5Ac is expressed in all species, whereas Neu5Gc is only expressed in a limited number of domestic species such as pigs and horses, but not in humans. Despite that previous studies have shown that the IAV host receptor distribution appears to be similar in pigs and humans, none of these studies have investigated the expression of Neu5Gc-α2,6 in situ in porcine tissues. Thus, the aim of this study was to elucidate the distribution of IAV host receptors expressed in the porcine respiratory tract and relate the expression to the viral tropism of diverse host-adapted IAVs. The IAV receptor (SA-α2,3 and SA-α2,6) distribution and the presence of specifically Neu5Gc-α2,6 in the porcine nasal, tracheal, and lung tissues was investigated by lectin histochemistry. Furthermore, IAV immunohistochemistry was performed on tissues from pigs experimentally infected with IAVs, either adapted to pigs or humans, to investigate the significance of the IAV host receptors and the tropism of the diverse host-adapted IAVs. We document for the first time the expression of the avian receptor on the surface of the porcine nasal mucosa and an equal expression of Neu5Ac-α2,6 and Neu5Gc-α2,6 on the surface of the tracheal epithelium and alveoli. In all IAV-infected pigs, we found a low amount of IAV-positive cells in the trachea despite a high expression of the human receptor. Cumulatively, these findings suggest that optimal IAV replication involves a complex interplay between the viruses and their host receptors and that there might be other less clearly defined host factors that determine the site of replication.
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