ArticleViruses2023
Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Transmission Clusters and Transmitted Drug-Resistant Mutations in Croatia from 2019 to 2022.
Article in Viruses, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluating HIV-1 Transmitted Drug Resistance and Clustering in Newly Diagnosed Patients in Romania (2019-2022).Viruses · 2026Article
- Distinct Molecular Epidemiology, Transmission Patterns, and Resistance Mutations of HIV-1 Subtypes A1, A6, and A7 in Bulgaria.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Coformulated Bictegravir, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide Introduced at the First Clinical Visit: A Real-Life Single-Arm Single-center Retrospective Cohort Study.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Hungary: an evolving contact zone of colliding virus subtypes.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Estimating the Current Routes of Transmission in HIV-1 F1 Subtype Infected Persons in Romania: Differences Between Self-Reporting and Phylogenetic Data.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Frequency of Major Transmitted Integrase Resistance in Poland Remains Low Despite Change in Subtype Variability.Viruses · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infection is challenging due to the highly diverse HIV-genome. We investigated the genetic diversity and prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) followed by phylogenetic analysis in 270 HIV-1 infected, treatment-naïve individuals from Croatia in the period 2019-2022. The results of this research confirmed a high overall prevalence of TDR of 16.7%. Resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside RTIs (NNRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) was found in 9.6%, 7.4%, and 1.5% of persons, respectively. No resistance to integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) was found. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 173/229 sequences (75.5%) were part of transmission clusters, and the largest identified was T215S, consisting of 45 sequences. Forward transmission was confirmed in several clusters. We compared deep sequencing (DS) with Sanger sequencing (SS) on 60 randomly selected samples and identified additional surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRMs) in 49 of them. Our data highlight the need for baseline resistance testing in treatment-naïve persons. Although no major INSTIs were found, monitoring of SDRMs to INSTIs should be continued due to the extensive use of first- and second-generation INSTIs.
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Registered trials
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