Endoscope Automation Framework with Hierarchical Control and Interactive Perception for Multi-Tool Tracking in Minimally Invasive Surgery.

In the context of Minimally Invasive Surgery, surgeons mainly rely on visual feedback during medical operations. In common procedures such as tissue resection, the automation of endoscopic control is crucial yet challenging, particularly due to the interactive dynamics of multi-agent operations and the necessity for real-time adaptation. This paper introduces a novel framework that unites a Hierarchical Quadratic Programming controller with an advanced interactive perception module. This integration addresses the need for adaptive visual field control and robust tool tracking in the operating scene, ensuring that surgeons and assistants have optimal viewpoint throughout the surgical task. The proposed framework handles multiple objectives within predefined thresholds, ensuring efficient tracking even amidst changes in operating backgrounds, varying lighting conditions, and partial occlusions. Empirical validations in scenarios involving single, double, and quadruple tool tracking during tissue resection tasks have underscored the system's robustness and adaptability. The positive feedback from user studies, coupled with the low cognitive and physical strain reported by surgeons and assistants, highlight the system's potential for real-world application.