ArticleBMJ open2023
Factors affecting antenatal screening for HIV in Nepal: results from Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys 2016 and 2022.
Article in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Multi-level experiences of HIV-related stigma among people living with HIV: an institution-based qualitative study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Patient perspective on the elimination mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B in Bali, Indonesia: a qualitative study.BMC public health · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesAntenatal screening for HIV remains low in Nepal. Identifying factors associated with the uptake of antenatal screening is essential to increase uptake and prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). This study investigated the effects of individual-level and district-level characteristics on the utilisation of antenatal screening for HIV in Nepal and how these effects changed between 2016 and 2022.
designWe used publicly available cross-sectional data from 2016 to 2022 Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys.
settingStratified, multistage, random sampling was used to collect nationally representative data.
participants1978 and 2007 women aged 15-49 years who gave birth in the 2 years preceding the surveys. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: We used multilevel models to estimate associations between antenatal screening and potential factors influencing it in 2016 and 2022. We used districts as a random effect and looked at the intraclass correlation coefficients to disentangle the geographical effects. To distinguish barriers to HIV screening from barriers to accessing antenatal care (ANC) services, we performed similar analyses with whether the woman attended at least one ANC visit as the dependent variable.
resultsFactors associated with antenatal screening have not changed significantly between 2016 and 2022. Higher uptake of HIV screening was found among women with higher education, the pregnancy being desired later and women who had four or more ANC visits. Being from a poorer family and having low knowledge of MTCT and the medicines to prevent transmission were associated with lower uptake. From the supply side, no factors had a significant effect on antenatal screening. Factors associated with antenatal screening and those associated with any ANC were different. Our results also showed a partial importance of geographical factors on screening uptake.
conclusionsOur results supported that antenatal screening could be improved by enhancing access to information and improving the availability of free screening.
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