Observational studyBMJ open2023
Prevalence of psychological distress in nurses, physicians and leaders working in intensive care units during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national one-year follow-up study.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04372056 (A Norwegian Study on Views and Experiences of Health Care Professionals Working in Intensive Care Units During the COVID-19 Pandemic.), which is not on this map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Norwegian Study on Views and Experiences of Health Care Professionals Working in Intensive Care Units During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mental health and substance use evolution in Swiss ED residents: a 6-month prospective longitudinal single-center study.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19 on Intensive Care Unit Personnel: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Survey Assessment Before, During, and After the First Peak.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Epidemiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Intensive Care Nurses: A Systematic Review.Iranian journal of public health · 2025Review
- A multi methods study to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological well-being of cancer nurses across Cheshire and Mersey.BMC nursing · 2025Article
- Reply to Zijlstra: Resilience and Stress Are Heterogenic Too: We Should Act Accordingly.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo report and compare psychological distress as symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress among intensive care units' (ICU) nurses, physicians and leaders at 12 months after the baseline survey (spring 2020), during the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. Furthermore, to analyse which baseline demographic and COVID ICU-related factors have a significant impact on psychological distress at 12 months.
designProspective, longitudinal, observational cohort study.
settingNationwide, 27 of 28 hospitals with COVID ICUs in Norway.
participantsNurses, physicians and their leaders. At 12 month follow-up 287 (59.3%) of 484 baseline participants responded. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptoms of anxiety and depression using the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-10 (HSCL-10). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress using the post-traumatic stress disease checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (PCL-5).Demographics (included previous symptoms of anxiety and depression) and COVID ICU-related factors (professional preparations, emotional experience and support) impacting distress at 12 months.
resultsPsychological distress, defined as caseness on either or both HSCL-10 and PCL-5, did not change significantly and was present for 13.6% of the participants at baseline and 13.2% at 12 month follow-up. Nurses reported significantly higher levels of psychological distress than physicians and leaders. Adjusted for demographics and the COVID ICU-related factors at baseline, previous symptoms of depression and fear of infection were significantly associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression at 12 months. Previous symptoms of depression, fear of infection and feeling of loneliness was significantly associated with more symptoms of post-traumatic stress.
conclusionOne year into the COVID-19 pandemic 13.2% of the ICUs professionals reported psychological distress, more frequently among the nurses. Fear of infection, loneliness and previous symptoms of depression reported at baseline were associated with higher levels of distress. Protective equipment and peer support are recommended to mitigate distress. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT04372056.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.