SynthesisThe journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences2024
Diminished Returns of Higher Parental Education on Cognition for Black Adults in Middle and Later Life.
Synthesis in The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cumulative poverty across early adulthood and midlife cognition: findings from the national longitudinal survey of youth.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2026Article
- Whose education matters for later-life health trajectories? A three-generation comparison in China.International journal of public health · 2026Article
- Impact of Childhood Adversity on Late-Life Cognition in Older Puerto Rican Adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesMounting evidence suggests that the protective effects of one's own higher socioeconomic status (SES) on health are diminished among minoritized racial/ethnic groups in the United States. This study extends this area of research to childhood SES and cognition in middle and later life, focusing on the protective effects of higher parental education among non-Hispanic Black and White adults.
methodsHarmonizing data from individuals ages 50 and older across the Health and Retirement Study, the Study of Midlife in the United States, and the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, we examine whether associations between parental education and two measures of cognition (episodic memory and global cognition) are moderated by racialized identity (non-Hispanic White or Black) using a random-effects individual participant data meta-analysis approach.
resultsFindings indicated a small, but robust, protective effect of higher parental education on both episodic memory and global cognition among adults identified as White. Among adults identified as Black, there was no association between parental education and either cognitive outcome. DISCUSSION: This study provides evidence that the protective effect of higher parental education on cognition is not the same across racialized populations, consistent with the theory of Minority Diminished Returns. As scholars continue calls for life-course-oriented efforts to reduce racialized cognitive disparities, it is important to consider early-life risk and protective factors in the context of racism.
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Registered trials
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